World economy and international relations
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2010
Zima A. G., Ivanova O. Y., Zyma О. G.
Implementation of the Provisions of the Kyoto Protocol as Precondition of Recovery from the Economic Recession (p. 3 - 8)
The article substantiates the hypothesis that the compliance with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol must play the decisive role in acceleration of recovery from the economic recession. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format - 
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2010
Khaustova V. Y., Kurochkina I. G.
The Analysis of Features of the Largest Cross-border transactions of Merges and Acquisition (p. 3 - 11)
In article features of the greatest in the world of cross-border transactions of merges and acquisition are investigated. Their dynamics in quantitative and cost expression, dynamics of the average price of transactions is analyzed. The countries-leaders on the greatest activity in processes of merges and absorption are defined. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2010
Kyzym M. O., Pronoza P. V., Bielikova N. V.
The Analysis of Global Problems of the World Community and the Purposes of a Millenium (p. 3 - 8)
In article sights of scientists at modern global problems of the world community are analyzed. Results of researches on this point in question of scientists and the organizations are considered: the Roman club, the United Nations Organization, the World bank of reconstruction and development, the World Economic Forum. The history of researches of global problems of mankind is analyzed. Author's vision of classification of global problems of mankind is offered. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format -
Khaustova V. Y., Gromyka N. K.
Currency System and World Crises (p. 9 - 12)
In article the interrelation of world crises with world currency system is analyzed. Stages of development of world currency system, its types and features are considered. The hypothesis that transition to the Jamaican currency system was one of important preconditions of occurrence of a present economic crisis is proved. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2011
Zima A. G.
Interrelation of Economic Development of the Countries, Climate Change and Health of People (p. 3 - 7)
The main correlation elements between the population health and the climate change as a result of human economic activity were researched. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format -
Khaustova V. Y., Kolodyazhna T. V.
The Analysis of the Basic Waves of Merges and Acquisitions in the World Economy (p. 7 - 16)
In article the basic waves of merges and acquisition (M&A) of the companies in world economy are analyzed. Dynamics of quantity of transactions is considered. Characteristics and features of waves of M&A are allocated. The reasons of their occurrence and end are analyzed. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2011
Pogorletskiy A. I.
International Tax Competition on the Contemporary Period of the World Economy’s Development (p. 3 - 9)
The article under review is devoted to the peculiarities in the international tax competition process in the modern world economy. Changes in the national tax systems of the main participants of the international tax competition under pressure of the global crisis of 2008 – 2011 as well as a convergence of basic principles of national tax policies during the crisis and for postcrisis perspectives are considered. Besides the general situation in the sphere of international tax competition in developed countries on the boundary of XX – XXI centuries as well as during the current global crisis, the author characterizes the competitive tax advantages of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion made by the author – a necessity for tax increasing in the post-crisis world as well as the change of leaders in the international tax competition during the 2010s. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2011
Tischenko A. N.
Competitiveness of Ukraine in the World Rankings (p. 3 - 8)
Article is devoted to the competitiveness of countries and Ukraine’s place in the world community. Considered the most well known rankings of various international financial and social organizations. Showing the position of Ukraine, its advantages and disadvantages. Article is written in Russian Download article in pdf format -
Reznikova T. A., Bardadym O. I.
Ways of Increase of Motivation of Innovators to the International Cooperation (p. 9 - 14)
The article considers the important issues of innovators motivation for international collaboration. The intercultural differences of innovators approach to work are investigated. The way of defining of innovators competences level for international collaboration is offered. The formula of financial reward for inventions is suggested. The matrix of different types of innovators ability to execute various international projects is developed. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2011
Matyushenko I. Y., Buntov I. Y.
The synergetic effect of development of nBIC-technologies for solution of global human problems (p. 3 - 13)
The synergetic effect from convergence of nBIC-technologies in the industry and economy is considered. The perspective directions of quality growth of human possibilities by means of his technological reconstruction are shown. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
Khaustova V. Y., Pronoza P. V.
Theoretical aspects of emergence and development of the crisis phenomena in economy (p. 13 - 23)
The article examines genesis of emergence and development of the crisis phenomena in economy of the countries of the world and their research in works of scientists. The main theories explaining the reasons of cyclic crises and chronology of change of views of scientists on recurrence in development of social and economic systems are considered. The essence of the concepts “crisis” and “economic crisis” is defined. Crisis functions in dynamics of development of systems and a crisis stage are considered. As crisis is one of stages of a business cycle, phases of such cycle in economy and main versions of business cycles are considered. Basic clauses of the theory of the crises, which have been formed by the beginning of the XXI century, are specified. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2012
Biryuk S. A., Bіryuk A. S.
Global modification of factors of export-oriented chemical industry enterprises development (p. 3 - 7)
This article deals with process of factors transformation, that determine the export-oriented enterprises development strategy. The influence of global financial and commodity markets trends on the strategy of chemical sector enterprises is determined. The role of ecological factors in the process of strategic plans implementation by the leading participants of the world mineral fertilizers market is defined. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2012
Maliuta I. A.
The Use of Leasing Amongst European SMEs in the Permanent Crisis Economy (p. 4 - 8)
The article analyzes the state of the use of leasing amongst European small and medium enterprises in the permanent сrisis economy. EIB Group measures to ensure the access of SMEs to finance are discovered. The importance of leasing assets securitization is determined. Basic trends and future prospects of European SME financing through leasing are defined. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
Salo I. A.
Main Tendencies of the Nut Market Development in Ukraine and Throughout the World (p. 9 - 12)
The author has determined the peculiarities of functioning and main problems of the nut inland market development, its type and aspect structure, the place of Ukraine in the world’s production and trade with nuts, the tendencies in the formation of price of their varieties as regards different countries as well as the development of nursery practice and establishment of orchards. The processes in the nut world’s market situation formation and current changes have been considered and the purpose fullness of legislative regulating the state support of the industrial nut-growing development proved. Article is written in Ukrainian Download article in pdf format -
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2013
Pronoza P. V.
Pathoeconomy: essence, specific features, hypothesis (p. 7 - 13)
The article considers a new direction of the study of crisis phenomena in economy – pathoeconomy. It analyses its essence and specific features and main tasks. It studies and specifies essence of the “pathology” and “pathological process” notions. It offers a scheme of assessment of the state of health of the human body and its treatment, which is used for development of a methodical approach for assessment of the state of the sectors of economy of the country and their recovery. The article marks out leading sectors and spheres of activity of Ukrainian economy, which can be subject to pathological processes. It formulates a model of a life cycle of development of the sectors of economy. It forms a complex of interdependent hypotheses that form the basis of pathoeconomy. Article is written in Russian
Shpilevskyi V. V., Sapronov Y. A., Salashenko T. I.
Analytical aspects of assessment of energy dependence in petroleum-deficit countries (p. 14 - 21)
The article presents a methodical approach to assessment of a complete typical energy dependence for petroleum-deficit countries, which takes into account both dependence of the national economy on external supplies of petroleum and dependence on external supplies of light petroleum products and also efficiency of transformation of liquid hydrocarbons into motor fuel. The study, conducted on the basis of European countries, allowed determination of the level of their typical energy dependence. It was established that the majority of European countries are petroleum dependent. The article specifies the following types of dependence: on import of petroleum, on import of petroleum products and on two types of fuel and energy resources. However, in spite of deficit of own reserves of petroleum in European countries, some countries have sufficiently developed petroleum processing complex, which allows them not only satisfaction of own needs, but also export of petroleum products, which reduces their petroleum dependence. The article establishes that Ukraine depends both on petroleum supplies and on petroleum products supplies. The main reasons of high petroleum dependence of the national economy are insufficiency of own reserves of petroleum and outdated scheme of petroleum processing. The conducted clusterisation allowed splitting European countries into 7 groups. The results of clusterisation and study of the problems of the resource cycle of motor fuel of Ukraine helped to establish two possible variants of its development, which are: refusal to have own production of motor fuel or its growth and joining the group of countries that are small exporters. The article explains that development of the resource cycle of the motor fuel of Ukraine is possible only through establishing its production using already available raw materials. Article is written in Ukrainian
Iastremska O. A.
Modern world tendencies of tourism development (p. 22 - 27)
The article presents revealed tendencies of development of tourism at the world level under conditions of globalisation, the main of which are increase of tourist flows, increase of requirements to quality and changes in orientation of tourist services, growth of diversity of tourist products and use of modern information technologies when providing tourist services. The latter tendency determines conditions of a necessity to activate tourist companies in information positioning in the virtual environment on the basis of the use of brands. The article presents recommendations on formation of brand-sites for tourist companies, which lie in the use of a friendly interface – their introduction would allow simplification of the search for information about tourist companies and would increase interest of the customers. The article presents a list and content of the sections of the concept of the brand of a tourist company, which consists of a general, entrepreneurial, marketing, legal, investment, cultural and historical, psychological and futurological sections. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2013
Orlov P. A.
World financial and economic crisis and problems of social responsibility of economic subjects (p. 6 - 11)
The article considers the concept of social responsibility of economic subjects with the emphasis on impermissibility of avoidance to pay taxes and also on a necessity to practice socially responsible marketing. Active struggle with avoidance to pay taxes is carried out in EU. The crisis made European countries fight with the evil, which was earlier created by some of them with benefit for themselves. Small attention is paid to the struggle with this evil in Ukraine in spite of a high share of shadow economy. The article provides examples of social irresponsibility of marketing in chase of profit, revealed in industrially developed countries and Ukraine. They cause huge irreplaceable damage to society. The article justifies a conclusion that in countries, economic systems of which cannot ensure a proper level of state regulation of economy and social responsibility of economic subjects, the population is destined to be exploited by socially irresponsible subjects of business, moral and physical degradation and even extinction. The concept of socially responsible marketing, based only on the growth of consciousness of company owners and social initiative, cannot be realised widely. Article is written in Russian
Navrotska N.
Main tendencies of globalisation of savings and investments in the world economy (p. 12 - 19)
The article analyses modern tendencies of movement of world savings, economies and investments. It identifies main directions of structural shifts in these processes, among which are advanced dynamics of growth of savings of developing countries, especially China, BRICS countries and petroleum exporters, absolute and relative reduction of the share of savings of developed countries with simultaneous tendency of increase of savings in developing countries. It clarifies that investments are much lower than savings in the majority of developing countries. In developed countries volumes of investments are bigger than savings. With dropping volumes of savings, the developed countries started to invest into national economies partially from savings of developing countries. The most vivid is significant lag of savings from investments in the US. Due to irregularity of distribution of investments and savings, disbalances in the world financial system increase and result in excessive or insufficient economies and investments for internal needs of countries. The conducted analysis shows that in the result of complication of economic processes, the modern concepts of “savings”, “economies” and “investments” do not reflect in full real tendencies of the economies-investments processes in the global economy. That is why, it is necessary to further specify components of these categories, which in modern conditions become more complex, especially with consideration of influence of certain additional quantitative and qualitative parameters (intellectual capital, intangible assets, quality of investments, capital intensiveness of economy, etc.). Article is written in Ukrainian
Stryzhychenko K. A.
Formation of a new economic paradigm under conditions of the global financial crisis (p. 20 - 24)
Neo-classical paradigm, in the basis of which there was a free regulation of markets and negation of endogenous long-term crises, showed its incapacity, which resulted in the possibility of origination and development of the financial crisis of 2007. The article studies provisions of the neo-classical paradigm, analyses key consequences of the financial crisis, and considers the 4U concept, which reflects shortcomings of globalisation for the modern world economy. In order to reduce impact of destructive effects of globalisation and to pass to a new paradigm, the article considers a number of statements, which should be realised within the framework of the new paradigm. The article systemises main principles, which lie in the basis of the new economic paradigm. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2013
Labyntsev M. T., Tsepilova O. S.
Study of interconnection of financial and tax accounting of profit in Russia and abroad (p. 7 - 12)
The article analyses the degree of interconnection of financial and tax accounting of profit in Russia and some foreign countries – USA, France and Germany. The legal principle – common law or unified law – is taken as a criterion. The article shows that existence of the system of tax accounting by one tax (organisation profit tax) separately from the financial accounting in Russia from 2002 is not rational. At present Russia actively develops a variant of making financial accounting and tax accounting closer without a principal reconstruction of norms of tax legislation. Low level of interconnection of tax accounting and financial accounting is characteristic for the USA, which is one of the founders of the British-American (British-American-Dutch in interpretation of some authors) accounting model. The level of interconnection of norms of financial and tax accounting is rather high in France and Germany and the taxation policy of the theoretical base of the accounting system, which allows speaking about the French-German accounting model. Article is written in Russian
Tischenko A. N., Dorovsky O. V.
Socio-economic significance and characteristic features of pharmacy (p. 13 - 20)
The article considers main factors indicative of significance of the world pharmaceutical industry in the global economy. It shows the total volume of the world pharmaceutical market and regional structure of the world pharmaceutical production. It marks out the leading role of pharmacy in the world innovation and investment processes. It considers the contribution of the pharmaceutical industry in realisation of social functions and its economic impact on macro-economic indicators. It analyses specific features of the pharmaceutical market that are connected with social importance of pharmacy. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2013
Boguslavskiy Y. I.
Diversification as the basis of globalisation processes (using examples of major companies) (p. 8 - 13)
The goal of the article is generalisation of the world experience of conducting diversification and justification of its influence upon the world globalisation processes. The article considers a number of rather successful trans-national companies both American (Daimler-Benz), West-European (Nokia), Pacific-Asian (Takeda) and Ukrainian (Metinvest), which at one point of their development chose diversification expansion of production and sales, entering, in such a way, the global market. Histories of these companies are not similar, since they were founded and formed in different times under influence of different political and economic situations. The only thing that is similar for all of them is successful use of various methods of diversification, which ensured their success in the international market. Thus, namely diversification became the foundation for globalisation of international economic relations. Merger of companies as a consequence of globalisation influence of diversification processes is not something extraordinary, but also is not common, especially if we speak about major companies that have a huge variety of manufactured products. Article is written in Ukrainian
Koliada T. A.
Organisation of the long-term budget planning and forecasting: experience of the leading countries of the world (p. 14 - 20)
The goal of the article lies in the study of specific features of organisation of the long-term budget planning and forecasting in the leading countries of the world. Analysing, systemising and generalising experience of organisation of this process at the state level using examples of USA, France, Germany and Japan, the article reveals common regularities and shows the best practice of developing the budget strategy for adaptation and application of these developments in the budget process of Ukraine. In the result of the study the article proves that growth of unfavourable tendencies in socio-economic development of majority of the world countries (ecologic problems, terrorism threats, ageing of population, natural disasters, etc.) results in the growth of dependency of the budget planning on political factors and organisation of management of this process. The article justifies a necessity of establishing close coordination at the inter-ministry level, introduction of clear distribution of duties between the subjects of the budget process with the aim of exclusion of a possibility of political subjectivism, ensuring an objective assessment of the socio-economic situation in the country, and development of realistic macro-economic and budget forecasts. The prospect of further studies in this direction is bringing the necessity of the legislative fixing and regulation of the procedure of development of the budget strategy as an integral component of the budget process of Ukraine, which would allow getting rid of the multi-vector nature of priorities of the state development, balancing the budget receipts and expenditures, creation of an effective mechanism of concentration of resources for solving middle-term and long-term tasks. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2014
Kyzym M. O., Matyushenko I. Y., Khaustova V. Y., Kosyrieva O. V., Kostenko D. M., Moiseienko Y. M., Buntov I. Y.
Opportunities and threats of WTO membership of Ukraine in foreign trade of high-technology products under conditions of co-operation with EU countries and Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (p. 6 - 25)
The article considers the problem of consequences of membership in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) for Ukraine in foreign trade of high-technology products under conditions of co-operation with EU countries and the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (CU). The article shows that after Ukraine joined WTO there were some rather significant reductions of tariff rates for Ukrainian products and liberalisation of access to the world markets, at the same time the internal Ukrainian market became more open for imported products. The article studies specific features and changes in the high-technology products market after Ukraine joined WTO. It analyses dynamics of volumes and specific weight of the world export-import of high-technology products and the structure of the world export and import of high technology products, including by individual countries and groups. The article makes a conclusion about a weak high-technology component of the Ukrainian export. It studies the structure of export of high-technology products of EU, CU and Ukraine. It shows that in order to develop the high-technology products market Ukraine needs to develop foreign trade with EU countries and also to continue co-operation with CU countries, in particular, with Russia. The article shows that the aerospace industry products takes the biggest specific weight in the export of high-technology products of Ukraine. It considers prospects of development of civil aircraft production in the world and Ukraine under the modern conditions. It analyses strengths and weaknesses of the aircraft construction industry and also threats and opportunities for aircraft construction of Ukraine due to external environment influence. The article shows that Ukraine cannot keep national aircraft building on its own, that is why it is necessary to develop close co-operation both with Russian enterprises and with the countries of the Western Europe. It offers recommendations on preservation of production potential of the aircraft construction industry of Ukraine. The final conclusion of the study is the following: despite the world financial and economic crisis, diversification and change of the Ukrainian export structure is going on since Ukraine joined WTO, which not only facilitates reduction of dependence of the national economy on individual geographical markets, but also predetermines the necessity to protect interests of the national producers by the Ukrainian government in new markets. Article is written in Ukrainian
Bila I. S., Salatiuk N. M.
World experience of state regulation of entrepreneurship (p. 26 - 30)
The article analyses tendencies of state regulation of entrepreneurship in EU countries, USA and Japan and identifies state regulation of entrepreneurship as a system, which consists of certain elements, unity and interaction of which determine its efficiency and functionality. Analysis, systematisation and generalisation of experience of state regulation of entrepreneurship in these countries allow making a conclusion that the existing differences in the role of the state in economy are not connected with the degree of state regulation, but are connected with the means used for its realisation. General tendencies of development of relations between the state and entrepreneurial sector allowed identification of main elements of the system of state regulation of entrepreneurship, which include: forecasting, planning and programming socio-economic development; anti-monopoly competitive policy; tax and investment policy; innovation policy and stimulation of R&D (Research & Development). The prospect of further studies is identification of specific features of the system of state regulation of entrepreneurship in the modern Ukrainian economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Petrushevska V. V.
Financial policy of prevention and liquidation of consequences of global economic instability: foreign experience (p. 31 - 36)
The article considers main measures of the financial policy realised in the countries of the world, in particular, Europe, USA, China and Japan, directed at prevention and liquidation of consequences of crisis phenomena of the world economy. It considers programmes of support of economy and financial sector of different countries adopted during the period of the world financial crisis of 2007 – 2009. It marks out that an important element of successful realisation of anti-crisis measures is a correct co-ordination of the budget and tax policy and money and loan policy. It positively marks out experience of application of active arbitrary stimulating policy under crisis conditions. In view of increase of efficiency of macro-economic management an important task of the future would be improvement of anti-crisis mechanisms with consideration of their influence upon short-term dynamics and long-term growth. The conducted analysis allows making a conclusion that mistakes of the financial policy are one of the main reasons of overheating the world economy, while analysis and use of experience of the leading countries of the world would allow increase of quality of the financial policy, directed at reduction of crisis vulnerability. Article is written in Ukrainian
Polyakova Y. O.
Principles of functioning of the transmission mechanism of the monetary system in international business (p. 37 - 42)
Modern international economic relations are characterised with reduction of rates of economic growth of the majority of developed economic systems, gradual oligopolisation of international markets, domination of private investors interests in political relations, growth of intensity and frequency of local, regional and international economic crises, which negatively influences the tendencies of formation of main directions of transmission and use of capital. Consideration of theoretical grounds of functioning of the monetary mechanism and content analysis of the international statistical information for a long period of time allow marking out certain principles of restoration of integrity of the transmission mechanism of the monetary system as basic ones. Introduction of the proposed principles into the mechanism of functioning of the international monetary system would allow increase of the rates of growth of production of the developed economic systems, strengthening of stability of functioning of the developing economies and decrease of interdependence of different participants of international economic relations, which would directly influence improvement of macro-economic indicators. Article is written in Russian
Dekhtyar N. A.
Tendencies of development of the world market of business tourism (p. 43 - 51)
The goal of the article is detection of common tendencies of MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions) industry functioning and identification of directions of development of the national market of business tourism. The article considers the problems of the Ukrainian business tourism at this stage, provides a review of recommendations regarding increase of competitiveness of the national tourist product, conducts a statistical study of main macro-economic indicators of the world market of tourist services and segment of business tourism as one of its most important components, conducts analysis of dynamics of the industry development using examples of the leading countries of the world. A special attention is paid to exhibition activity – the most large scale element of the MICE industry. In the result of the study the article reveals changes in ratings of indicators of functioning of the sphere of business tourism in some countries, lists leading exporters and importers of tourist products on the basis of data of the World Travel and Tourism Council and the World Bank, and identifies position of Ukraine at separate segments of the market of business tourism, due to which it makes a recommendation to use the niche strategy. Prospects of further studies in this direction are analysis of interrelations between basic indicators of development of the world industry of business tourism with the use of economic and mathematical methods and construction of forecast models by micro-regions of the world. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2014
Kyzym M. O., Yaroshenko I. V., Matyushenko I. Y., Semyhulina I. B., Makhaniova Y. M.
Opportunities and Threats of Ukraine WTO Membership to the Production and Foreign Trade of Grain Crops with the EU and Customs Union and EurAsEC (p. 7 - 24)
The article deals with the problem of the consequences for Ukraine from its membership in the WTO, for Ukraine’s production and foreign grain crops trade with the EU and the Customs Union (CU), the Eurasian Economic Community. It was determined that Ukraine is among the absolute world leaders in the production and export of grain crops and sunflower oil from domestic raw materials. The commodity structure of exports and imports of agricultural products was analyzed. The situation and changes in the market of grain crops and its products after the WTO accession were examined. The negative factors of the relevant market of cereals crops and its products were identified. It was determined that Ukraine's foreign trade with third countries which are not members of the EU and CU after joining the WTO has expanded considerably and has more promising areas for further expanding markets than with the EU and CU. It was proved that the largest importer of domestic finished grain products is Russia. It was determined that the domestic market in Ukraine is quite open to imports of cereals and their products. The situation and changes in the market of sunflower seeds and sunflower oil after Ukraine's accession to the WTO was examined. It was defined that the production of sunflower oil in Ukraine is export oriented activity. The analysis of export-import operations in Ukraine with the EU and CU led to the conclusion that these markets are closed for former Soviet Union producers. It was determined that the domestic market of Ukraine in terms of its own resource base (sunflower seeds) for the production of sunflower oil is secure enough. It was proved that for effective development of domestic markets of these goods, Ukraine needs to develop other areas of foreign trade integration. Article is written in Ukrainian
Cherlenyak I. I., Diugowanets O. M.
International Offshore Business and the Global Financial System (p. 24 - 29)
The purpose of this article is to study the relations between the international financial system, the international offshore business trends and the development of national economies. The study analyzed the positive and negative aspects of the impact of offshore zones on international business and international financial system. The conceptual foundations of motivational sources of offshore business and content formats that denote its asocial systemic nature were considered. Analytical study of the structure, substructure, functions and range of capabilities of the substructures of the global financial system were performed, which is an important issue in terms of priorities and objectives of state and corporate economic policies. Article is written in Ukrainian
Berenda S. V., Panova A. V.
From Overhang to Policy Space Enhancement Within WTO Negotiations (p. 30 - 35)
The article discusses issues related to the assessment of the impact on the level of bound tariff "Policy Space" within the trade negotiations in the WTO. The concept of "Policy Space" focuses on tariff component. In the article the quantitative analysis of bound tariffs was implemented in the context of countries – the founders and not the founders of the WTO; attempt to classify countries according to the level of bound tariffs; The comparative analysis of the "Policy Space" of individual countries. Stakeholder participation in the formation of "Policy Space" for Ukraine would increase their competitiveness on the foreign and domestic markets. Strong position in the context of the WTO negotiations will help Ukrainian companies to turn competitive potential into a competitive advantage. In conclusion, our hypothesis is that the founders of the WTO as a whole have a greater "Policy Space" than non-founders, was not confirmed. Article is written in English
Kniazieva T. V.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Economic Mechanism of Solving International Problems of Nature Management (p. 36 - 40)
On the basis of the development of ideas about scientific views of neoclassical economic theory in the direction of justifying the priority of importance of the general economic efficiency theory of nature management economics in theory it is determined that it is the principles of the theory of economic efficiency should be the basis of the mechanism of solving international problems of nature management. Improved procedure for determining the effectiveness of environmental and economic relations on the basis of nature differentiation results of environmental activities, classification of factors limiting action cost criteria in the assessment of environmental activities in order to improve the validity of activities in the fields of nature conservation and environmental protection, for the first time it is justified by means of economic-mathematical model, which allows to visualize the criteria of international eco-efficiency of economic activity and the impact of negative factors on it. Article is written in Ukrainian
Prokopenko V. Y.
The Impact of Monetary Tools on the Real Estate Markets in Several Countries of the World (p. 41 - 49)
The paper deals with monetary tools used by monetary regulators in the Euro zone countries and the USA and also analyses scientific research in the field of monetary control of real estate markets in the Euro zone countries and the USA. The author arrives at the conclusion that liberal monetary regimes are mostly used to influence financial markets, including the real estate market. The paper examines monetary tools in dynamics and in coordination with the change of price behavior in real estate markets of the above-mentioned countries. Article is written in Ukrainian
Seitim A. Y.
The Usage of Cryptocurrency as an Alternative Solution of Issues of the World Monetary System (p. 50 - 55)
Financial sector, as well as all other aspects of business, has not escaped the introduction of IT-technologies. Not only have these technologies accelerated all transactions, but also made them relatively cheap and instant. If earlier payments were primarily conducted only in traditional currencies by banks and other relevant entities, recently the Bitcoin and other similar cryptocurrencies took its place as a universal currency. This article is devoted to the topical matter of cryptocurrencies, their functions and mechanisms of emission. This topic is particularly relevant today, as the traditional common currency like the U.S. dollar, yen, etc., are not so stable as before. Especially a lot of claims are presented to the U.S. dollar. Among the main complaints – the uncontrolled by the rest of the financial market emission of the U.S. currency. The cryptocurrency Bitcoin is devoid of this shortcoming. Being unrecognized as money, the cryptocurrency Bitcoin already has its own stock exchange, fund a large community of developers, users and carriers. Separate groups of states, such as the BRICS, the Bolivarian Alliance and other communities have long been working on the creation of their own currencies. The trend of reorganization of the world monetary system is becoming more and more distinct. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2014
Azmuk N. A.
Transformation of Employment in the Advanced Information Economy Countries (p. 7 - 12)
The aim of the article is to determine trends in the transformation of employment in advanced information economy countries. The paper analyzes the current state and dynamics of the labor market of countries with the development of information and computer technologies. Based on the analysis the trends in the transformation of employment in advanced information economy were revealed. It was shown that information and computer technology do not affect the level of employment, while significantly raise the level of productivity. In countries with developed information and computer technologies already existing forms of precarious employment are widely used, which are adapted to the modern requirements of the labor market. Electronic forms of employment appear and are widely used, in particular, electronic freelancing. The workforce that performs frequently repeated mediation computer technologies are replaced. Relevant changes in the content and the nature of work in the information economy were found. The innovative forms of human capital were characterized. The features of virtual labor migration were defined. A definition of virtual labor migration was suggested. Article is written in Russian
Vasyltsiv T. H., Iliash N. I.
Evaluation of Efficiency of Implementation of Functions of the State Regulation of Investment and Innovation Supporting to Ensure the Economic Security of the Real Sector of Economy of Ukraine (p. 13 - 18)
The article is aimed at the analysis of efficiency of implementation of functions of the State regulation of investment and innovation to ensure the economic security of the real sector of economy of Ukraine and uncovering of its weaknesses. The article analyses the efficiency, advantages and disadvantages of realization from the state authorities of such functions as analysis, planning, organization, motivation, and control in the system of activity for enhancement of investment and innovation supporting to enhance the economic security of the real sector of the national economy. Using the grouping method, logical analysis and expert interviews the main shortcomings which require correction were identified. It was revealed that the principal defects in the functions of information, monitoring, analyzing and detecting are the absence of the holistic periodic monitoring system for analysis and diagnosis of investment-innovative supporting to ensure the economic security of the real sector, its inconsistency, lack of focusing on the early identification of negative trends, risks and threats, changes in the quality of the business environment and the insufficient providing of information. As to the planning function, such weaknesses were identified as lack of concrete measures and means to achieve the policy objectives in the strategic and tactical governmental planning documents, incoordination and absence of linkage with the development of related economic activities. It was proven, that the regulatory shortcomings regarding the functions of the organization are failure of the initiating function of creation and development of new institutional infrastructure, of cooperation locations, of forming of the investment resources, of starting the new practices and of the creation of subjects of implementing of the investment and innovation activity. It was determined that the disadvantages of implementing of the motivation function are failure to provide motives for the authorities on all levels of the active improvement policy, as well as deficit of subjects of infrastructure and directly of enterprises to increase the amount of the investment and innovation supporting in the basic branches. It was proven, that the deficiency as to the control function is the non-use of monitoring practice in order to control the efficiency of the state policy to improve the efficiency of investment and innovation supporting to ensure the economic security of the market participants. Article is written in Ukrainian
Korneyev M. V.
Theoretical and Methodological Framework for the Assessment of the Level of Financialization of the Economy (p. 19 - 24)
The article deals with some aspects of interpretation and evaluation of financialization of the economy. Systematic approach to the evaluation of financialization of the economy in different economic conditions was provided. The indexes to evaluate the financialization of the economy in the context of its impact on investment decisions were given. Approaches to the assessment of financialization of the economy in terms of the impact on income inequality were grouped. A list of indicators to measure the level of financialization of the economy of developed countries that have experienced the negative effects of excessive growth of the financial sector was made. The system of indicators to measure the level of financialization of the economy was suggested, which built an integrated indicator of the level of such financialization. The integral indicator of financialization of the economy in a group of selected countries was calculated. A differentiation of a group of selected countries in terms of financialization of the economy (low, adequate, medium, high) was implemented. Article is written in Ukrainian
Polishchuk Y. A.
Characteristic Features of the Development of the World Financial Market at the Current Stage (p. 25 - 31)
The objective of the article is analysis of the development of the world financial market and determination of its trends and lines of development of nonbank financial institutions. Basic developmental trends of the world financial market are singled out and analyzed on the basis of reports of the US Economic Security Council, the European Central Bank, the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The role of nonbank financial institutions in the world financial market is determined. The effect of economic reforms in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe is studied with a view to applying their experience in Ukraine. Thus, primary developmental trends of the world financial market are: increasing volume of trade in financial services; increasing share of financial services in the international service turnover; increasing employment in the financial services sector; establishment of a single mega-regulator of the financial market; integration of information technology and financial services; high merger and acquisition activity in the nonbank financial institutions sector; expansion and utilization of outsourcing on the world financial market; inception of the disintermediation and deglobalization processes. Further study prospects in this field consist in the establishment of tendencies in the development of the financial market, in particular, nonbank financial institutions of Ukraine and their conformity with the world financial market. Article is written in Ukrainian
Prushkivskyj V. G., Prushkivs'ka O. V.
The Effect of Globalization on Formation of the Consumer Market in Transitional Economies (p. 32 - 37)
The article studies the effect of globalization on formation of the consumer market in transitional economies in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. Positive and negative aspects of influence of globalization on economies of countries with varying development levels are singled out. Post-Soviet countries are established to be implementing market reforms and integrating into the international division of labor, with globalization processes intensifying structural disproportions in the national economy. Factors of influence of globalization on the consumer market are singled out and combined into two groups: internal (consumer needs, resources, consumer incomes, the state economic policy) and external (the economic structure formed in the previous economic system, transformational processes (formation of the market economy), new integration processes, intensification of the effect of globalization processes). It is proven that within the context of intensification of globalization processes, the state economic policy should be formed in pursuit of transition from the export-oriented development strategy where raw material production dominates to internally-oriented development strategy with saturation of the domestic consumer market. A general conclusion is drawn that globalization as an objective process directly influences the development of the national economy in general and the domestic consumer market in particular. However, this process requires that governments pursue a reasonable economic policy to the advantage of the state. Article is written in Ukrainian
Chechetovа-Terashvili T. M., Malyshko Y. M.
Analysis of Disadvantages of the International Rating “Doing Business” Methodology (p. 38 - 44)
The article demonstrates analysis of the methodology of the international rating “Doing Business” which characterizes entrepreneurship control norms, evaluates the terms of registration, business operations and liquidation of small and medium-size business entities. The essence of rating indicators is determined, and some indices are proposed for implementation in the system which reflect the favorableness of the business environment. Basic rating requirements for business entities participating in the study are considered. Principal disadvantages of the “Doing Business” rating are substantiated which interfere with international comparative analysis of the external business environment of enterprises and result in making incorrect managerial decisions by both business entities concerning the choice of the country where operations will be carried out, and states concerning correction of the strategy of regulating operations of business entities. Article is written in Ukrainian
Yaroshenko I. V.
Analysis of the Socioeconomic Development of Problematic Regions of the European Union Countries (p. 45 - 53)
The work is an analysis of problems of the socioeconomic development of regions of EU countries, in particular Poland, which is a prerequisite to effective management and prevention of crises in various activities of a region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that regions of EU countries (NUTS 1 level – state level) are quite different in terms of administrative-territorial organization. In addition, EU countries are quite varied in terms of both population and territory size and primary socioeconomic development indices (GDP per capita, unemployment rates, R&D spending). Still greater variances in the socioeconomic development of regions in EU countries are observed while analyzing NUTS 2 and 3 level indices, which is a consequence of significant differences in the administrative-territorial organization of the countries and their socioeconomic development driven by spiritual and moral, historical, cultural, ethnic, social, economic, and other factors. Using regions of Poland as an example, significant variance and irregularity of socioeconomic development are revealed both within the country and in comparison with average European Union indices. Significant gaps in the territory development levels are capable of causing political disunity and instability, as well as economic disintegration and crisis. This problem is especially significant for the countries of Eastern and Central Europe which used to be a part of the socialist space, in particular, for Ukraine. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2014
Dorovsky O. V.
Evaluation of Micro-Environment of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Ukraine (p. 8 - 21)
The article is aimed at evaluation and analysis of micro-environment factors of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine. In order to achieve the desired goal, in the article a structural-logic model of micro-environment of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine is built. It has been proven that the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine can be reasonably analyzed in the following directions: influence factors, supply channels, distribution channels, and competition. Micro-environment of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine was analyzed in the selected directions. Its evaluation was carried out by means of the OT-analysis. A cognitive map of the causation of opportunities and threats to the micro-environment of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine was built. On the basis of the study has been proven, that the following factors represent the biggest threats to the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine: large volumes of imported pharmaceutical products (PhP) in value terms on the domestic market, higher-than-anticipated growth of cost of conventional PhP-packing, population decline and the low volumes of hospital procurements of PhP. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kolbasin Y. S., Ostapenko A. V., Yaroshenko I. V.
Analysis of the World Bus Manufacturing Market (p. 28 - 39)
The article focuses on the issue of development of the world bus manufacturing market. Evidence was provided that the development rates of the bus manufacturing industry vary throughout the world. The dynamics of the world bus manufacturing industry in the world’s leading countries and companies manufacturing automobiles was analyzed in terms of decennial trends of the recent years. The ratings of the world’s leading countries were determined based on the bus production output volumes in the segment of “large-sized buses”. A conclusion was drawn concerning significant fluctuations in the bus manufacturing performance during the global financial crisis. The article also proposes an analytical study of the latest trends in the development of bus manufacturing in the EU and CIS countries. The study established that two-thirds of the world bus manufacturing market volume is concentrated in three countries. The volumes of commercial bus sales in the leading manufacturing countries of the world and in Ukraine were studied. The bus manufacturing profile among the models produced by companies based in the Russian Federation was analyzed. The study established that the national manufacturers lag considerably behind the world leaders in the bus manufacturing industry. Article is written in Ukrainian
Matyushenko I. Y.
Prospects for the Development of the Fusion Energy Industry in the Developed Countries of the World and in Ukraine (p. 40 - 46)
The article discusses the primary directions and issues in the development of the fusion energy industry in the world and in Ukraine. Nuclear power-engineering based on uranium and plutonium fission was established to be the most significant alternative to hydrocarbons as of today, yet it is inevitably linked to two more global problems, namely disposal of highly active and spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste, as well as nuclear safety. The study shows that the fusion energy industry based on using the energy released during fusion of light nuclei has significant advantages – nuclear fusion can not only satisfy the current energy demands of mankind (16 TW), but also produce a much larger amount of energy; quite a small amount of common substances is required to fuel the process; the inherent safety of the fusion energy industry is at a high level; there is no long-lived high-level radioactive waste; yet there are disadvantages as well – technological complexity of running a self-sustained thermonuclear reaction; there are currently no effective technologies capable of converting the energy released during the thermonuclear fusion into electricity. The study also determined that today, the problem of forming the fusion energy industry is of the technical and economic rather than physical nature, as creation of economically sound power stations requires solving two principal tasks: continuation of the development of new materials capable of enduring severe service conditions; creation of new technologies in the sphere of remote control, containment design, fuel cycles, etc. The study proves that a possible way out of the energy impasse can be offered by “the cold fusion”, that is the process of running completely safe low-energy nuclear reactions, for instance, on the basis of the nickel nanopowder and hydrogen, carried out in the E-Cat heat generator. The article also includes areas of focus outlined in the Targeted Research and Development Program of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Prospective Research in Plasma Physics, Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Plasma Technologies” for 2014-2016. Article is written in Ukrainian
Melnyk A. G.
High Technology Financing Systems (p. 47 - 52)
The article focuses on the properties of the innovative processes at industrial enterprises of the high technology sector viewed from the perspective of structural transformations in the system of innovative directions which concern upgrading the technological basis of the production operations, acquisition of new technologies, and R&D. Characteristic features of such transformations within the system of high-technology production were singled out. Construction principles of financing systems for development and implementation of high technology in industrial production were formulated. A methodological approach to construction of a high technology development financing system was proposed, which implies elimination of the negative implications arising during transition of an industrial enterprise to high-technology production, as well as development of new technologies. Article is written in Ukrainian
Musina L. A., Kvasha T. K.
A Study of the Effect of Resource Efficiency on the Economic Development in the Countries that Are Leaders of “Green” Modernization (p. 53 - 61)
The United Nations Organization has pointed out the key role of industrialization and a new industrial policy for ensuring structural reorganization and potential economic growth. Measures and incentives for efficient use of natural resources, as it was proven, tend to produce a positive effect on the economic parameters in numerous countries and are given substantial attention in their reform packages. This must be a top priority for Ukraine, considering its severe resource constraints and a challenging situation in the Eastern regions The objective of the work consists in studying the factors promoting growth in the GDP resource efficiency and their connection with the policy of greening the economies used in the EU countries,as well as proposing solutions for Ukraine. Such factors were analyzed for Great Britain and the Netherlands, certain steps were proposed for Ukraine, in particular, development of a State Policy Framework and plan of action aimed at a “green” economy, incentives for efficient use of resources, including fairer prices for natural resources, varied waste disposal fees, changes in the tax policy and state procurement favoring resource efficiency and eco-innovation. Article is written in Ukrainian
Omarov S. A.
Research and Practical Aspects of Implementation of the Sustainable Development Concept: Domestic and Foreign Experience (p. 61 - 67)
The article deals with the analysis of research and practical basis for implementation of the sustainable development concept in the system of governmental management of the country development at the national and regional levels. Relevance of the article is determined by the necessity of finding solutions to global and national issues within the context of transition to a balanced economic, social, and ecological development. The objective of the article consists in generalizing domestic and foreign experience of introducing the sustainable development concept into laws and regulations of the country and its regions. The experience of leading countries of the world and Ukraine in forming the elements of the mechanism of governmental support of sustainable development, namely legislative, organizational, and public and social ones was analyzed, and their strengths and weaknesses were singled out. It was proven that most countries of the world are developing a set of measures aimed at implementation and promotion of sustainable development which includes legislative acts, national sustainable development strategies, sustainable development programs or projects, and its monitoring indicators. Directions for future improvement of legislation and sustainable development regulation practices in Ukraine and other countries of the world were determined. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2015
Antonenko S. V., Yaldin I. V., Kochetygova T. V.
State Support of the Metallurgical Industry in Developed and Developing Countries (p. 7 - 15)
The aim of the article is to analyze the experience of developed and developing countries in terms of support of the metallurgical industry with a view to assessment of the possibility of applying it for improvement of the state regulation of the development of the Ukrainian metallurgical industry. The undertaken study allowed singling out primary scenarios for economic stimulation of the development of the metallurgical industry in different world countries. It was established that implementation of corresponding scenarios can be achieved by employing different means and tools. The authors also found that development and implementation of individual state regulation means are carried out in accordance with the objective and principles set out in the policy documents of the national and supranational levels. The authors considered the key strategic reference points for the development of the metallurgical industry in the countries with the world’s greatest volumes of steel production. The study allowed determining stimulation of the internal demand for the metallurgical products as the most reasonable for application in the domestic practice of state support of the metallurgical industry. Article is written in Ukrainian
GrischenkoTetyana V., Anzina H. V.
The Effect of Financialization of the Economy on Functioning of the Frontier Capital Markets (p. 16 - 21)
The article deals with the questions of financialization as a global trend in the development of the world economy which is characterized be the dominance of the financial sector in the processes of market pricing. Considering the fact that the financial system is a key element in any economy, financialization has its effect on the economy of each country. Such characteristics of the development of the Ukrainian economy as low liquidity and capitalization of the financial market, a high systemic risk level, a relative closedness of the market for foreign investors result in classification of the Ukrainian market as a frontier one (in accordance with the MSCI index proposed by the rating agency Standard&Poor’s). The study singles out the specific features of the effect produced by financialization on the economy of Ukraine and, consequently, economic agents within the country. The authors proved that the process of financialization of the world economy has a certain positive influence on countries with frontier capital markets in terms of emergence of new opportunities for their participation in the international capital market, utilization of modern financing tools, enrichment of the global experience of corporate management, etc. Article is written in Ukrainian
Dalevska N. M.
Institutionalization of Interests of Actors in International Relations Based on Strategic Partnership Principles (p. 22 - 26)
The article aims to study theoretical and methodological issues of institutionalization of interests of actors in international relations based on strategic partnership principles, to identify characteristic aspects of formation of a system of regulatory, structural, and constitutive regulators that have their effect on formation of goals and interests of actors in international relations, to discuss the characteristics of formation of the current global order. The article analyzes the interaction of the interests of actors in international relations within the world politico-economic space. Application of the institutional analysis method allowed studying the directions for the functional transformation of the international strategy of economic development of the world economic management system. The author substantiated the necessity of identification of interests of actors in international relations in accordance with the international conduct norms. The article also offers an interpretation for the term “institutionalization of interests of actors in international relations”. Also, the author developed initial positions of interests of actors in international relations in accordance with the strategic partnership principles. The study concludes that that foundation of the institutional environment of the world economy is formed by a system of regulatory, structural, and constitutive regulators having their effect on the formation of goals and interests of actors in international relations and corresponding mechanisms, whose determination results from selection of the strategic partnership terms within the world politico-economic space. Article is written in Ukrainian
Makhaniova Y. M.
Export of Grain Crops of Ukraine, the EU, and Countries of the World in the Context of Modern Integration Processes (p. 27 - 36)
The article deals with the relevant question of studying the interconnection of export of agricultural products of Ukraine, the EU, and countries of the world using the example of grain crops, as well as the question of evaluating the efficiency of Ukraine’s export of grain crops to the European and world markets within the context of creation of the zone of free trade with the EU. The study proves that Ukraine plays a significant role in the world grain crops market: its share in wheat export makes on average 5%; 18% in barley export; 9% in the world export of corn; simultaneously, Ukraine’s share in the volume of wheat exported to the EU makes 32%, 45% in barley export; 48% in corn export. The work studied Ukraine’s correlation relationships with the EU and countries of the world with respect to wheat, barley, and corn by crop acreage, export and import rates, which yielded high crop acreage and export values, whereas the efficiency of wheat and corn cultivation in Ukraine is somewhat lower than in the EU. The regression analysis held in this study allowed establishing the existence of a positive trend in wheat cultivation – the export level is higher that the import level, yet wheat cultivation efficiency per hectare of land is lower than the world level; the efficiency of barley cultivation per hectare of land is lower than the world level, yet positive trends are observed for the export; corn cultivation efficiency per hectare of land is sufficiently high, which suggests that this crop is quite promising in terms of realization of the export potential. It was established that the efficiency of the Ukrainian grain crops export in comparison with the EU makes on average 47% for wheat, 22% for barley, 52% for corn, that is, the EU market is the most promising for the Ukrainian grains market, but its intensification and growth prospects require that Ukraine implement certain means and mechanisms. Article is written in Ukrainian
Tkalenko S. I., Liubachivska R. Z.
Characteristic Aspects of Formation of EU Biotechnology Clusters: Experience for Ukraine (p. 37 - 42)
The article aims to study the development of innovation clusters in the EU biotechnology sector. The study demonstrates an increase in the role of innovation clusters and characteristic aspects of formation of a new mentality of their participants with a high degree of trust in partners on the basis of new technology and knowledge. Biotechnology industry in Europe is second after the world leader – the United States having the biggest biotechnology sector of medicine and biotechnology. The authors analyzed and identified the role of leaders in formation of the cluster policy and singled out success factors for the biotechnology sector, namely: Germany, Great Britain, and France. The prospects for further research in this area consist in formation of innovation models of cluster development in Ukraine and determination of strengths in EU countries. The article describes possibilities of formation of innovation clusters in Ukraine and the development of an information sphere and legal environment to support implementation of the cluster policy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Prokopenko V. Y., Sviatokum I. O.
Characteristic Features and Types of Use of Mortgage-Backed Bonds in European States (p. 280 - 284)
The article deals with mortgage instruments used in European economies. Scientific research focusing on the European mortgage market was analyzed. The article also considers the substance and distinctive features of mortgage-backed bonds – a mortgage-backed security type characteristic of the European market. The article discusses characteristic features of covered bonds, analyzes the basic emission models for such securities, their strengths and weaknesses. The work describes approaches to construction of models of mortgage-backed security emission and singles out a series of essential risks linked to operations of issuers of mortgage-backed securities. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2015
Azmuk N. A.
Precarious Work as a Way for the Population Survival in Under-Developed Countries (p. 6 - 10)
The article describes the type of reproduction of labor resources in the least developed countries and analyzes the dynamics of changes in the structure of employment by economic sectors. The comparative analysis of the structure of employment between the developed and the least developed countries has been carried out. It has been determined that the use of labor resources in underdeveloped countries happens through unstable forms of precarious employment: informal and over employment. And in the countries with developed economies precarious work is realized in the form of agency and digital employment. The advantages and risks of using precarious employment in different types of economies have been determined. The main advantages of precarious work in developed economies are freedom of choice and opportunities for self-realization, providing a higher level of responsibility for the results of their work efforts. Unstable precarious work in underdeveloped countries is an opportunity of the physical survival for the worker and his family. Article is written in Russian
Hotra V. V.
Innovative Marketing as a Tool for Management of Innovation Development of Agro-Industrial Complex (p. 11 - 17)
The aim of the article is allocation on the basis of theoretical and methodological analysis of innovative marketing tools, which may be affected by the state and directly by the counterparties-participants of the market. Access to agricultural markets and marketing information, especially for small farms, is an important prerequisite for innovation development of the regional agro-industrial complex (AIC) in developing countries and countries with transitive economy. As a result of the research it has been determined that the state and especially the regional authorities can contribute to this process, ensuring the effective functioning of the marketing information system and regional food markets; reduction in the supply chain as well as legislative and regulatory support for the processes of horizontal and vertical integration of participants in agricultural markets. It has been proved that the reduction of chains for promoting products from producer to consumer can be an incentive to the increase in competitiveness of small businesses, in particular, more labor-intensive farms. The use of innovative marketing tools in the product and assortment policy of farms, establishment of solidarity agriculture organizations contribute to this as well. The directions for further research on innovative marketing in the agricultural sector may be evaluation of the AMIS functioning in Ukraine, as well as development of recommendations for the introduction of innovative marketing tools in the activities of local farms and preliminary assessment of their effectiveness. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2015
Grygorova-Berenda L. I.
International Experience of Applying Hedonic Indexes in Economy and the Possibility of its Using in Ukraine (p. 7 - 13)
The article is devoted to generalization of the international experience of applying hedonic indexes in economy and the possibilities of using this approach in the study of the effectiveness of local self-government under conditions of policy of decentralizing public administration in Ukraine. The article considers both the strengths and weaknesses of the hedonic approach to assessing the quality of goods and services, analyzes the American experience of alternative inflation calculation excluding hedonic indexes. However, there are serious weaknesses, connected with the lack of quality and reliable statistics, and the complexity of making calculations and their “distribution” among the interested consumers and obtaining primary statistics. The author makes a conclusion about the methodological possibility of using the integral index of life quality at the regional level on the basis of hedonic indexes. Article is written in Russian
Ilnytskyy D. O.
National Models of University Patenting: Conclusions from the World Experience (p. 14 - 23)
The aim of the article is working out arguments concerning the ways of improving the policies of national scientific and educational space development based on identification and analysis of the main national model of university patenting. In the paper there was made a conclusion that under conditions of existence of the university patenting basic models (institutional, inventor and hybrid ones) for the past 20 years the dynamic changes have been taking place in the countries. Statistical data and those ones in the patent databases not always provide for adequate assessing the activities of universities as of institutions of the knowledge economy, which made it possible to talk about the existence of “Swedish” and “European” paradoxes. Britain and China are the most advanced countries in terms of the development of institutional models on the US example. In Ukraine there has been formed a unique for the European continent institutional model with a high role of individual inventors, which is characterized by negative manifestations. It has been proved that the countries should maintain the dialogue on sectoral priorities of openness of the university research results. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2015
Aleksieieva N. I., Kotina H. M., Stepura M. M.
Peculiarities of Calculating the Cost of Public Goods (from the Necessary to the Desired): Domestic Realities and European Experience (p. 7 - 19)
Social needs and instruments for their satisfaction — public goods — have been studied. Attention is drawn to the fact that social needs are composed of individual and collective needs of economic entities. They are interrelated and complementary. An important difference between individual and collective needs is in their personification (individualization) and divisibility. Proper consideration has been paid to concepts related to the needs of society — the public interest (as a form of social needs), public goods (all the goods, services that can satisfy social needs). For studying social needs and benefits in this work there was taken one of the most popular of their classification, which lies in their division into primary and secondary ones. Emphasis is placed on importance of its use in determining the priority of financing public goods. The focus is on the approach to calculating the cost of public goods. It is regarded as one of the stages in satisfying social needs (along with planning and analysis of the degree for their satisfaction). An approach to determining the structure of financing the total volume of public goods, calculating minimum admissible and desired volume of financing has been presented. The current interest in the European experience prompted the authors to analyze the cost and structure of financing public goods in France, the available statistical base allowing it to be implemented. The determined dependence between the indicators enabled conducting calculations of the desired volumes of financing the public needs per person according to three scenarios: optimistic, satisfactory and critical relevant to phases of the economic cycle. This simulation is aimed at being used in management decision-making, development of social and economic policy, etc. There have been noted serious shortcomings related to the lack of quality and reliable statistical information on Ukraine, which hamper the calculation and consideration of foreign experience. Article is written in Ukrainian
Glukhova D. A.
Strategies for Allocation of the US Federal Budget: Military and Innovative Dimension (p. 20 - 24)
The aim of the article is to define the conceptual framework and features of priority directions in redistribution of the US federal funds. This subject is very relevant because it discloses a system of financing and allocations of the most powerful state in the world in many aspects. The article describes the structure of government funding of the national military sector and directions of the modernization of the US military-industrial complex. It has been determined that in the global expansion of military actions the USA in no case remain aloof from the given events. Manufacturing the US military products plays a key role in the defense industry not only of the country itself but also the international community as a whole. For Ukraine, with the complications in its military-political situation, the cooperation with the United States and inclusion of the financial assistance to our country in its federal budget are very important. The mentioned directions for allocating the received funds in the amount of $ 300 mln by the Ukrainian government confirm the support by the American state of our military equipment and modernization of the national defense industry. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zagorodnia A. A.
The Content of Professional Training of Specialists for the Economic Sector in the Republic of Poland (p. 25 - 29)
The article analyzes the content of professional training of specialists for economic sector in the Republic of Poland. The author emphasizes that economic education is a special kind of education, content and procedural components of which have a significant impact on the formation of both professional and personal criteria of personal and professional development of competent specialists, who will influence the development and course of the various economic processes that will be able to determine the improvement of society as a whole and each individual in particular. The author also notes that the economic education is developing in students a clear understanding of scientific laws of economic development, especially concerning market relations; purposeful, systematic forming in the future experts economic knowledge, high level of organization and creative initiatives of their preparation for highly professional work, skillfully careful attitude to nature; developing the habit of practical use of economic knowledge in real life. The content of professional training of specialists for economic sector in Poland is determined by the educational standards for the field of research, in particular — the economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Fehr H., Tofaniuk O. V.
The Financial Equalization System in Germany and Ukraine (p. 30 - 38)
Based on the experience of European countries, practical recommendations on improving the level of financial capacity of regions in Ukraine have been developed. In the article the comparative analysis of the financial equalization system in Germany and Ukraine has been conducted, different approaches to equalization on the basis of the actual redistribution have been determined, the efficiency and transparency of the use of budgetary resources in these countries have been analyzed. The research result is the substantiation of the necessity for decentralization of tax revenues in Ukraine to reduce the volume of transfers from the State Budget to the regions. Prospects for further research in this direction are developing a reform strategy for Germany and Ukraine in order to improve the socio-economic relations between the center and regions and to make the redistribution of budgetary resources more efficient. Improving the system of financial equalization involves the use of optimization techniques taking into account the inter-regional economic and geographic ties. Article is written in English
Krupka M. I., Revak I. O.
World Experience in Using Education and Science in the Process of Building the State Intellectual Potential (p. 39 - 45)
The aim of the article is to analyze the world experience in using education and science in the processes of increasing the intellectual potential of the state and prospects of its application in Ukraine. The article describes features of the continental, Atlantic and the East Asian models of higher education management with emphasis on the key points, which can be useful for reforming the Ukrainian system of education. It has been noted that the problem of higher education quality in Ukraine lies in fundamental principles of its functioning, because development of the national education system for a long time took place under conditions of administrative system, while the European system of education is built on principles of competition and free market. On the basis of comparative characteristics of sources of finance in the United States there has been determined a dominant role of the federal government and it has been found that among the branches of science the leading positions are occupied by the life sciences. The experience of reforming science in countries of the Central and Eastern Europe, which took place on the model of functioning of the research institutes and research process in the EU countries, has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the successful experience of reforming the education and science in China. Taking into account the international experience the author has substantiated the directions of increasing the intellectual potential in Ukraine by deepening the integration of education and science, in particular: the creation of a wide network of research universities and conducting of a fair share of fundamental research on their base; accelerated development of public-private partnership in education and science; quick updating of the curricula adequate to the requirements of time and introduction of interdisciplinary courses; competitive financing of scientific programs with participation of the state and international financial institutions; increasing of financial autonomy of universities by attracting private financial resources through business structures, establishment of charitable investment funds; intensification of cooperation of higher educational institutions with business structures, which will contribute to further development of the institutional environment and national economy as a whole. Article is written in English
Polikarpova O. S.
Financial Imbalances and Macro-prudential Policies in the Monetary Union (p. 46 - 52)
The credit crisis and its transformation into a sovereign debt crisis have illustrated the limited character of the traditional macro financial politics. The financial crisis has shown that the priority of price stability does not guarantee macroeconomic stability. Revision of the goals and objectives of the monetary and credit policy is being carried out in many countries. In order to ensure macroeconomic stability, central banks have to use new instruments considering financial stability as an additional object. Since 2009 the IMF recommends central banks to use macro-prudential instruments for reducing macro-financial risks and imbalances in the financial system structure. The effectiveness of macro-prudential policy depends on its calibration with the monetary and credit policy. The growth of financial imbalances in the first decade after the adoption of the euro, presence of contradictory fiscal policies, deployment of a spiral of rapid crediting and price inflation have led to apraxia in the monetary and credit policy, and fiscal policy was limited by institutional arrangements. Accumulating funds during the budget surplus the countries-members of the European Monetary System (EMS) attempted to reduce asymmetric shocks. The priority of price stability in the EMS had been achieved but the economies of these countries suffered from financial imbalances. Macro-prudential policy is aimed at prevention and mitigation of systemic risk, plays a significant role in reforming the new policy of central banks. That is why European countries are developing new methods and an institutional framework for the implementation of a new macro-prudential policy. Problems of structural arbitration and the possibility of emergence of new financial imbalances in the EMS are becoming increasingly real. The flow of financial capitals and financial institutions to more lenient jurisdictions is connected with the establishment of macro-prudential policy. The macro-prudential policy of central banks has been considered, financial imbalances of the EMS since 1999 have been analyzed, the main macro-prudential instruments have been described and EMS countries that had implemented these instruments have been considered. The efficiency of using the main macro-prudential instruments in the extrapolation at mitigating symptoms of systemic risk has been analyzed. The directions of the interaction between macro-prudential and monetary and credit policy in the EMU have been identified. The problem of macro-prudential migration, which may cause a new threat of financial asymmetry in the EMU has been considered. Article is written in Ukrainian
Skrypnyk A. V., Oborska I. S.
Evaluation of Higher Education Effectiveness (p. 53 - 61)
The aim of the article is to build a model for evaluating the higher education effectiveness depending on the operating characteristics of the educational process and current macroeconomic indicators. The reasons of the poor state of the modern Ukrainian higher education have been highlighted. As the main reasons of the poor quality of the proposed curricula there considered poor quality of teaching staff of higher education establishments and graduates’ striving to gain political rather than human capital. There have been proposed quantitative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of expenditures on higher education based on the data on the level of payment for skilled and unskilled labor, cost of higher education and performance of financial services markets in the country (loan interest rate and the discount rate). It is shown that the recognized leaders of the education market have the best positions in terms of cost-effectiveness. There has been carried out a comparative analysis of budget expenditures on higher education in Ukraine and other countries, which allowed to make a conclusion about the impossibility of growth of budget expenditures in the nearest future and possible significant reduction in the number of higher education institutions as a result of increasing the competition from Eastern European countries with the reformed education system. Article is written in Ukrainian
Tymoshenko O. V.
Methodological Bases for Ranking the European Union Countries in Terms of Macroeconomic Security (p. 62 - 72)
The fundamental contradictions of existing methodical approaches to assessing the level of the state economic security have been substantiated and proposals on the introduction of a unified methodology for its assessment, which would be acceptable for use at the international level or for a specific cluster of countries, have been developed. Based on the conducted researches it has been found that the there are no unified signs for such classification of countries. To determine the most significant coefficients and critical values of the indicators of economic security, it is appropriate that the countries should be grouped in terms of the level of the economic development proposed by the UN Commission and the IMF. Analysis of the economic security level has been conducted for the countries-members of the European Union as a separate cluster of countries on the example of macroeconomic security indicators. Based on the evaluation it has been found that the proposed list of indicators and their critical values is economically sound and built on the principle of adequacy, representativeness and comprehensiveness. In 2004 the most secure countries of the EU corresponding to the macroeconomic security standards were Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and as in 2014 the percentage of absolutely secure countries decreased from 14.3 to 7.1%, only Denmark and Sweden remained in the ranking. During the analyzed period Bulgaria and Croatia got into the risk zone, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania were in a danger zone. In 2014 Ukraine in terms of its macroeconomic security was in a critical state, which testified about serious structural and system imbalances in its development. Article is written in Ukrainian
Tymoshchuk O. M., Horoshko K. O.
The European Experience of Ensuring the Development of River Shipping Companies (p. 73 - 78)
The aim of the article is to study the features of the inland waterway transport development in the European countries to define the main ways of development of the shipping European Union countries and the use of their experience for inland navigation in Ukraine. The paper analyzes the volume of cargo turn-over, length of inland waterways in the European countries, nomenclature of the main goods of this transportation means in Europe. There have been identified the main shipping corridors: Rhine – the main corridor linking the port cluster of Northern Europe with Hinterland; North – South, which consists of the channels in the Netherlands, Belgium and France; eastern corridor, which inland waterways cover the territory of Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic; south-eastern corridor, which includes the Danube, the Main and the channels Main – Danube, Danube – Black Sea. The main elements of the program for developing the inland waterway transport in Europe «NAIADES» – Navigation and Inland Waterway Action and Development in Europe – have been analyzed. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khaustova V. Y.
The Global Trends of the Industrial Development in Developed and Developing Countries (p. 79 - 91)
The article analyzes the global trends in the industrial development both in developed and developing countries. The study is based on the data of interbranch balances for 38 countries over the period of 1996-2011. In the selected groups of countries there have been studied: the dynamics and structure of the world industrial output, share of industry, dynamics and structure of the volume of industrial exports, dynamics of export orientation of the industrial production, dynamics of capacity of the domestic market for industrial products, structure of consumption of industrial products, dynamics and structure of the GDP of high-tech industries, dynamics of the share of the GDP of high-tech industries in the world industry GDP. There have been formed the rankings of top 20 producers, exporters and importers of industrial products in the world, leading countries in terms of capacity of the domestic market for industrial products, leading countries in terms of import dependence of the domestic market for industrial products in the world, leading countries in terms of the GDP volume of high-tech industries. Based on the conducted analysis it has been proved that the development of industry in developing countries is taking place in higher, as compared with developed ones, pace. High rates of industrial development in developing countries are ensured, first of all, by increasing their domestic market capacity. At the same time maintaining a high level of activity in the international market for industrial products still allows developed countries to keep the leading positions in rankings. The most industrially developed countries among the developing ones are Korea, China and India, and those among the developed countries are Germany, Japan and the United States. A significant advantage of the developed countries is observed in the production of high-tech products. Even considering the advantage in the GDP growth of high-tech industries in the developing countries, their share in the world total output is still significantly smaller. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2016
Nwosu J. E.
Oil Exploration and the Dilemma of Unemployment in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria (p. 6 - 13)
The Niger delta region situated in the southern part of Nigeria covers a territory of about 112,110 km2, which represents about 12% of the total area of the country. The Niger delta is an oil-rich region, which has led Nigeria to the 12th place among the oil producing countries of the world. The share of crude oil production accounts for 90% of export revenues and 75% of the total state revenue. However, despite the numerous social and economic achievements of the oil industry, it is considered to be the cause of the unemployment rate growth in the region. Taking into account the abovementioned, the aim of this article is to evaluate the relationship of the crude oil production and high unemployment rate in the Niger Delta. In the article there applied the method of non-experimental research to enable the proportional reflection, method of cluster random choice for distribution of questionnaires and interviewing method for obtaining direct data and information. The results showed that the ecological damage caused by the oil production has had a negative impact on the fishing and agriculture — the main activities of the region rural population. In other words, the threat of oil spills, gas flaring, pollution and other activities associated with oil production are destroying the environment, which is the main home and source of income for a large number of working-age population. Thus, as a result of the depletion of fertile soils, the crop yield drops or completely disappears, forests vanish together with their resources. Rivers and reservoirs are being polluted resulting in the extinction of fish and river fauna, which, in turn, leads to the fact that fishermen and farmers, whose work is directly dependent on environmental conditions, are affected by unemployment. This causes a widespread poverty, unrest and hostile attitude of among young people, as well as the emergence of other social problems prevailing in the region. Unfortunately, the years of neglecting the problem of multinational oil companies, on the one hand, and the lack of a clear state policy of the national government regarding the problem settlement, on the other hand, only increasingly aggravate the problem. Article is written in English
Kosyrieva O. V.
Analyzing the Differentiation of Socio-Economic Development of Regions in EU Member States (p. 14 - 23)
The article investigates problems of differentiation of regional socio-economic development in EU Member States. As the countries studied there were chosen: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom. To compare the socio-economic level of development of regions in the EU Member States the indicators of GDP per capita and unemployment rate were used. With the help of the matrix approach to identifying problems of the countries’ regions in the context of their socio-economic development, there were carried out corresponding calculations by regions of the chosen countries and compared with the values of the relevant indicators of the matrix to the average for the EU and the country studied. On the basis of using the theory of “center-periphery” and grouping the regions in EU Member States by levels, it is proved that a greater level of GDP per capita on the EU scale is achieved by the EU Member States, which have more economically developed center with an appropriate kernel (or the number of regions). Article is written in Ukrainian
Kramarenko R. M., Kiryk M. A.
International Innovation Cooperation with a View to Innovative Development (p. 24 - 30)
Currently the process of globalization in the field of scientific, technical and industrial activity continues to grow. Countries conclude bilateral and multilateral agreements to facilitate cooperation in scientific research and co-financing of capital-intensive innovation projects. Combining competitive advantages of companies is motivated by the government’s policy with respect to attracting foreign direct investments and entering new markets. Despite some discomfort of countries of the world caused by the outflow of knowledge abroad and disturbance of the equilibrium of the trade balance, most of the countries of the OECD have scientific and economic benefits from these transactions. The processes associated with innovations are constantly in the focus of attention of local and foreign experts and are reflected in their works. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of international integration interaction of countries of the world on innovative development. The forms of internationalization of innovation activities have been analyzed. The main vector of the modern global competition based on scientific and technological achievements and innovations has been determined. The main directions of the internationalization of innovation activities have been revealed and justified. Article is written in Ukrainian
Mammadov I. R.
The Main Results and Prospects of Construction in Baku (p. 31 - 35)
The most important document determining the main directions of the city development is the General Plan, which is elaborated on the basis of forecasting the innovative development of industrial and municipal enterprises, transport, institutions of science, education, health and culture. Its foundation is the city planning structure, i.e, the locating of industrial enterprises, residential areas, transport schemes, etc. The main aim of this study is summarizing the final data on the implementation of the General Plan of Baku and substantiating the urban development prospects. This aim is being achieved through the advanced planning and construction, choice of rational types of residential buildings, concentration of residential construction, reconstruction of residential areas in the industrial areas that were unhabitable for the population before, improvement of the environment and efficient use of land, development of tourism. Article is written in Russian
Rayevnyeva O. V., Dubrovina N. A.
Evaluating Competitiveness of Faculties of Higher Educational Establishments in Slovakia (p. 36 - 45)
The problem of competitiveness of higher education, efficiency of its functioning and training graduates of higher educational establishments according to the current and future needs of the market are among the key issues of socio-economic development strategy in EU countries. The aim of the study is to determine the competitiveness of faculties of major higher educational establishments based on the use of the cluster analysis and rating evaluations provided by national experts. The paper describes the methodology of rating evaluation of faculties of higher educational establishments in Slovakia on the basis of such components as: educational process; attractiveness of the program; science and research activities; doctoral studies; attracted grants. Shortcomings of the approach to faculty rating evaluations based on the averaged value have been determined. In order to improve analysis of the competitive positions of individual faculties of higher educational establishments in Slovakia, the cluster analysis was used and the results of breaking the faculties into five groups were presented. To forecast changes in the competitive positions of faculties of higher educational establishments in Slovakia, discriminant functions enabling to determine possible qualitative changes in the state of the faculties’ competitiveness due to external or internal factors have been built. Article is written in Ukrainian
Semyhulina I. B.
The Analysis of Trends in Socio-Economic Development of Poland and its Regions in the Period of the Country’s Membership in the European Union (p. 46 - 55)
The regional policy of the European Union aims to address issues of regional development associated with the decreasing of existing regional imbalances, preventing the emergence of regional imbalances, reducing the gap between the socio-economic indicators of development of various countries and regions, solving problems of territorial development, which are of priority for the development of modern Ukraine. The integration of Ukraine into the European community makes the matters of a detailed study of the EU experience and analysis of the key elements of its regional policy urgent. It also provides for the need to create Ukraine’s own regional policy taking into account the best European principles for the organization of management of regional and local development as well as the modernization of the local self-government system. Most appropriate for Ukraine is to use the best practices of regional policy of the EU member countries, which have successfully passed the transitional stage in their economic development and demonstrate stable positive transformations. Modern socio-political changes in Ukraine, which are accompanied by reforming the principles of local self-government and territorial organization of government at the local level, raise considerable interest on the part of state bodies and public organizations of our country to successfully carried changes in administrative-territorial system in combination with other structural reforms in Poland. Ukraine’s desire to integrate into the modern European Community makes it relevant to study the results of development of Poland and its regions, dynamics of changes in socio-economic indicators for the period of the country’s membership in the European Union. Article is written in Ukrainian
Yaroshenko I. V.
The Analysis and Evaluation of Trends in the Socio-Economic Development of European Union Countries and their Regions (p. 56 - 67)
The modern development of Ukraine and its regions on the background of the ongoing European integration process requires a detailed study of the experience of forming the European regional policy, positive examples and trends that have contributed to economic growth of the territories and improvement of population welfare of EU countries with a view to their use in forming the own national policy in the country. The EU regional policy, which is called the “unification” policy, as part of the European structural policy is aimed at solving development problems of the territories, primarily, depressive, old industrial, underdeveloped ones reducing the existing imbalances in social and economic development of the regions and preventing the emergence of inter-regional imbalances in the European Union. Studies of the uneven development of a country’s territories are an important part of its government policy. Identification of the main features of the asymmetry makes it possible not only to reveal the current situation with imbalances in the regional potential for sustainable development but also to assess the government’s actions aimed at their elimination. For Ukraine, which sets a goal to integrate into the European community, a detailed study of the experience and analysis of the priority principles of EU countries’ regional policy are very feasible in the formation and implementation of its own regional policy with regard to the best European principles of organization of managing the regional and local development and local government reform. Using the best practices of the regional policy of EU countries in Central and Eastern Europe, which show stable positive change in the socio-economic development, can appear to be of a special value. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2016
Dovgal O. A., Taran A. Y.
Theoretical Aspects of the Technological Leadership of National Economies (p. 5 - 12)
The main theoretical approaches to forming and defining the essence of the technological leadership of national economies have been considered. At present the global nature of the technological development factor is the main engine of development of economies in most world countries. Changes and improvement of all the elements of productive forces occur and innovations or new developments appear as a result of technological development. Different approaches to defining the essence of the technological leadership have been considered, the stages of its development, theoretical concepts of different scientific schools regarding the impact of the factor of technological development on the overall economic process of national economies have been analyzed. Characteristics of technological modes have been summarized and their influence on the formation of the technological leadership of the world countries has been revealed. The main approaches to identifying the technological leadership of various countries on the basis of calculation of international indices have been considered. The prospect for further research of the problem is a comprehensive study of determinants that reflect the technological leadership and give a general assessment of qualitative characteristics of the formation of its components. Article is written in Ukrainian
Otenko I. P.
Economic Sustainability in International Business: Peculiarities, Methods and Approaches (p. 13 - 18)
This article is intended as a contribution to the ongoing analysis of economic sustainability in international business. This study is presented with a view toward further understanding and agreement of the key concepts of sustainability. Approaches to sustainability are considered, important benchmarks and essential characteristics of sustainable development in international business are included. The article demonstrates how the concept of economic sustainability can be applied to the business level. The main ideas of the most widespread concepts on resource management are presented. Incorporation of ESG and financial factors in the concept of sustainable investing is considered. Emissions that are responsible for climate change, namely top emitters, key issues and figures are presented. Article is written in English
Izmaylov Y. O.
Activation of Investment and Innovation Development of Ukraine’s Economy by Improving the Accounting and Analysis of Foreign Investments (p. 26 - 33)
The aim of the article is to justify and present recommendations on improving the accounting and economic analysis of foreign investments for investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of foreign investments, which have a direct impact on investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian economy, has been analyzed. The main problems of the investment and innovation development have been indicated and systematized and the places of Ukraine in the world rankings in terms of the weak positions of the economy are presented. The explanation of the category of “foreign investments” with a view to their use in accounting and economic analysis is presented. The ways for improving the accounting and analytical procedures of foreign investment to create transparent and clear rules of doing business for foreigners in Ukraine have been offered. There has been proved a positive influence of the presented recommendations on investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kyzym M. O., Salashenko T. I., Borshch L. M.
Prospects for Strengthening the Security of Ukraine’s Energy Supply through Development of Unconventional Natural Gas Production (p. 34 - 43)
The article presents an analysis of the American experience in development of natural shale gas in the US, identifies the causes that led to the shale revolution. Its current state is characterized by achieving the peak production simultaneously with shift in the emphasis from natural shale gas to shale oil. The potential technically extracted gas reserves as well as trends in terms of the growth of conventional natural gas reserves and the development of trade in liquefied natural gas are regarded as global preconditions for enlargement of the shale natural gas output. Natural shale gas can be considered as an alternative project only for liquefied natural gas while, compared to pipeline gas, its production is uncompetitive. The national preconditions for development of the industry of nonconventional natural gas production are determined on the basis of the current trends in Ukraine’s gas market. The main obstacles to the realization of this direction are reduction of the gas needs and liberalization of natural gas trade on the basis of European principles. Economic evaluation of the feasibility of natural shale gas production made it possible to forecast its production cost at the wellhead at different depths and estimate its investment attractiveness in different aggregate states. On the basis of the approbation of the presented methodological approach carried out for the Dnieper-Donets and Carpathian shale basins, it was concluded that the investment attractiveness of the first one is higher, given its reservoir properties and the presence of deposits of non-conventional hydrocarbons in different states of aggregation. Article is written in Russian
Revak I. O., Ohrymovych M. M.
Activization of Investment Activity in the Culture Sphere as One of the Criteria for Ensuring the Investment Security of Ukraine (p. 44 - 49)
The aim of the article is to study the trends in activization of investments into the culture sphere as one of the criteria of economic growth and ensuring the state investment security. Analyzing successful international experience and systematizing scientific research in this field it was determined that the development of the culture sphere contributes to growth of national productivity and improves the life quality of the population. On the basis of the study of socio-economic trends and statistical data there have been identified the development problems of the Ukrainian culture as a tool for transition to an innovative model of society development. The attention is focused on practical aspects of revival and maintaining a proper state of the cultural heritage of Ukraine as a source of provision of Ukrainian historical symbols, public morals and ethics. As a result of the research it is found that the objects of cultural heritage are the undisputed economic benefit, which has a direct impact on the investment attractiveness of regions. Article is written in Ukrainian
Slava S. S., Hapak N. M.
The Organizational and Functional Basis of Economic Development of Society and Peculiarities of its Potential Dynamics under Conditions of Decentralization of Power (p. 50 - 57)
The article analyzes the listing of institutions and activities generated by these institutions, which as a whole are intended to stimulate the economic development of society under conditions of decentralization of power. The division of the institutions into government / quasigovernment, educational / scientific and business ones has been conducted. Quantitative and structural relations of organizational measures aimed at local economic development in view of these institutions have been analyzed. It was found that most of the organizational measures contributing to economic development of society can be taken by government / quasigovernment and business institutions, which amount to 85 % and 80 % respectively from the whole defined list of the institutions. Scientific and educational organizations have only 35 % in this structural distribution. That is, for today the functional content of the measures, which contribute to the local economic development, is more important for educational and scientific organizations since in this regard they are by 2-2.5 times behind the government and business institutions. This study also evaluates the level of coordination of the organization measures aimed at the local economic development in view of the institutions. In this case the most intensive measure will be creating municipal clusters, which can unite over 75 % of local institutions (13 institutions of 20 determined by the study). Collaboration with scientific, educational and finance and credit establishments is also characterized by a quite significant level of coordination — 50 %. Measures related to intensification of the business activity (business councils, fundraising, dissemination of best practices, etc.) in view of their using by the considered institutions amount to about 30 %. The inter-municipal cooperation, organization of public hearings, e-governance and development of credit relations in society have the lowest level of coordination (about 6 %), which corresponds to 1 institution. Article is written in Ukrainian
Chechetovа-Terashvili T. M., Udovenko A. O., Loseva O. H.
The New Methodology for Analyzing the Regulatory Impact of a Legal Act: Pros and Cons (p. 58 - 66)
Advantages and problems of the existing methodologies for analyzing the impact and monitoring of the effectiveness of a regulatory act (RIA) have been evaluated. The urgency of developing a methodological approach for evaluating the quality of the implementation of projects of normative legal acts by RIA regulatory authorities has been justified. There have been analyzed RIAs of the projects of normative legal acts developed by the regulatory authorities in March and April 2016 for their compliance with the new methodology. An algorithm of applying the methodological approach has been formed. The integral index has been proved and coefficients of the completeness of qualitative and quantitative evaluations have been determined. To carry out the assessment, the state and local regulatory authorities were selected. The conclusions as to the completeness and quality of the analyzed RIAs, as well as their compliance with the provisions of the new methodology have been made. Proposals to improve existing techniques have been developed. Article is written in Russian
Yaroshenko I. V., Semyhulina I. B.
Implementation of the Decentralization Reform in Ukraine: Current Issues of Public Administration Modernization (p. 67 - 73)
The need of all parts of the modern Ukrainian society for structural transformations determines the direction of development of the country and its territories. One of such priority vectors is the decentralization reform, efficiency of which is inextricably linked with the changes that occur in all vital for the development of society and every individual public areas: public administration, judicial system, law enforcement bodies, deregulation and development of business, banking and financial sectors, innovation and trade policies, education, medicine and other sectors of the economy and social sphere. The initiated in Ukraine transformations, including the decentralization of public power, require further legislative changes and desire of all public institutions to ensure their effective implementation through public initiative and public support. Monitoring the course of the decentralization reform in Ukraine has demonstrated little actual results of its implementation. Today an adequate legislation framework concerning the powers, resources and responsibilities has not been established yet. It is advisable to carry out a profound theoretical and practical study of the world and Ukrainian experience, develop and introduce an own science-based system of power decentralization with consideration for historical, ideological, cultural, social, economic, geographical and other features of the country, while taking into account the best practices, which can be effectively used. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2016
Mizjuk B. M., Kitz R. R.
Efficiency of Mechanisms for Ensuring Financial Stability in Developed Countries (p. 6 - 14)
The aim of the article is to identify relationships between the monetary policy and long-term financial stability. The main method of the study is retrospective analysis of macroeconomic and financial performance of the United States and other developed countries. It has been shown that neither Neo-Keynesian nor monetarist approaches are able to provide long-term financial stability under simultaneous low levels of volatility of GDP and inflation. In addition, the policy of inflation targeting in developed countries is not able to eliminate the risk of significant macro-economic recessions. The article states that the cause of the recessions is a systemic risk growth due to concentration of financial resources in the banking sector and in the hands of owners of non-financial corporations. This concentration has two effects: 1) growth of moral hazard at crediting; 2) decrease in the effective demand on the part of households. Redistribution of financial resources among different macro-economic groups of agents does not happen in a short period of time and is a result of the long-term monetary policy. Since the modern economic statistics has certain methodological problems with calculation of the Gini coefficient, such indicator as a share of wages in GDP is proposed in the article for studying the dynamics of uneven distribution of financial resources in the United States. The conducted retrospective analysis of the US monetary policy showed that an important system indicator of uniformity of financial resources distribution among macroeconomic agents falls out of sight of regulators. Distribution of macroeconomic risks depends on distribution of financial resources in the system, which determines its financial stability. The article justifies the need for developing the monetary policy methods that would simultaneously minimize the volatility of the GDP, inflation and maintain a uniform distribution of financial resources at an acceptable level. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kornіvska V. O., Yaremenko V. H.
Current Transformations of the Eurozone Financial and Institutional Space (p. 15 - 23)
The article presents the results of studying the processes of reforming the financial and institutional space of the eurozone, which in the long run creates the foundation for basic changes, which will result in not just a post-crisis “restart” of the system of financial institutions, but the creation of new mechanisms of liquidity circulation and in view of this the restructuring of the current model of investment process from mainly the banking into the market (stock) one. On the basis of the analysis of the credit cooperation between banking institutions of the eurozone and the real sector there made conclusions about the limited effectiveness of the current model of investment support due to the inability of the dominant financial institutions (banks) to enable economic recovery under conditions of the gap between the complementary interaction of banking institutions and the real sector of the economy. The paper justifies that the gap between the complementarity of the banking system and the real sector emerged also in connection with the formation of the negative in the general economic context complementarity of the state and the banking sector, which greatly distorts the competitive foundations of the European financial and institutional space, contributes to the banking lobby, hinders the process of reforming the banking space, which will be of limited effectiveness in the future. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2016
Bocharova Y. G.
The Competitiveness of Infrastructure of World Countries (p. 6 - 12)
The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the most competitive countries in the world in terms of development of their infrastructure in general and its individual components. The article considers the significance and role of infrastructure in ensuring the economic growth of developing countries and their competitiveness, solving global problems of humanity (including poverty), improving the quality of life of the population. The analysis of the infrastructure state and features of its development in the world and Ukraine has been carried out. Based on the analysis of the global competitiveness ranking of WEF, the most competitive countries of the world in terms of the development level of their infrastructure in general and its individual elements have been determined. Using the calculation of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, a matrix of intercorrelation of indices of world countries’ competitiveness in 2010-2015 (according to the method of the WEF) has been composed; the most significant determinants of the countries’ competitiveness in terms of the infrastructure development have been identified. Article is written in Ukrainian
Buleev I. P., Bryukhovetskaya N. Y.
Formation of the Institutional Environment in Transforming Economies of Postsocial Countries (p. 13 - 21)
The article analyzes the formation of market relations as a natural process of capitalism development in the countries that have shaped a socially oriented capital economy that meets purposes of the formation of postindustrial society. The forms and methods of transition to the market economy of former socialist countries (FSCs) are considered in comparison with the classical scheme of development. It is found that major failures in the reforming occurred as a result of using the outdated liberal economic theory, neglecting the peculiarities of FSCs development, mentality of the society and population, which resulted in the formation of unpromising oligarchic ruling class disregarding interests of people. The causes of the systemic social-economic crises in FSCs and measures to overcome the market failures are justified. There outlined the ways out of this situation by means of forming modern institutional environment, escaping institutional risks and traps. Article is written in Russian
Deyneka T. A.
Confrontation of Major Counteracting Forces in the Globalized Market as a Process of Resolving / Intensifying its Contradictions (p. 22 - 27)
The aim of the article is to study the process of resolving/intensifying the contradictions of the contemporary globalized market by means of identifying the counteracting forces that are critical for the period of the formation of post-industrial relations. It is proved that in the context of globalization and gradual establishment of principles of the postindustrial economy, the confrontation of major counteracting market forces is undergoing changes, which is manifested through the processes of resolving/intensifying the market contradictions. There identified the content of these changes, in particular: if at early stages of the market development the confrontation “state—market” was of decisive importance, at the present time it is the confrontation “civil society – TNCs”. There described a multivariate character of the interaction between the major market forces — states, international organizations, TNCs, civil society (both with the effect of achieving community of their interests and with the effect of their disunity). It is proved that the confrontation between the civil society and international corporations objectifies in the globalized economy a new form of contradiction between labor and capital that corresponds to the post-industrial content of economic relations and, in particular the content of property relations. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zhaldak H. P., Shulgina L. М.
Marketing Standards for Enterprises and Higher Educational Institutions: the EU and Ukraine (p. 28 - 34)
The article considers the marketing standards for enterprises and higher educational institutions in the EU and Ukraine. The basic components of the formation of the marketing standards in our country and the European Union member countries are identified, some legislative restrictions on advertising in certain EU countries are systematized. The features of the EU standards are determined. The main idea of the article is to examine the European marketing standards, determine the level of their adaptation to the national ones, as well as collect data on the effectiveness of the application of marketing standards to higher educational institutions, provide quality education and establish collaboration with the European partner universities. The general understanding of the quality of education, use of harmonized approaches and evaluation criteria is important for the European integration. The majority of national organizations have a number of difficulties associated with the undeveloped system of indicators oriented towards the client and other interested parties. The application of the EU marketing standards sets an appropriate vector of development for the domestic economy and opens up new competitive opportunities. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2017
Goncharenko N. I., Kravets M. A.
Features of the Institutional Structure of the Polish Stock Market under Conditions of Transformational Changes in the Global Financial Environment (p. 8 - 14)
Under modern conditions of transformational changes in the global financial environment, the international stock market acquires stable features of activization of investment activity, formation of a large network of professional participants in the stock market and its multi-level institutional structure, expansion of the range of trade in securities, access of economic entities of different countries to financial resources and diversification of mechanisms of concentration, etc. There conducted a study of peculiarities of the institutional structure of the Polish stock market in the context of transformational changes in the global economic system. The factors influencing the volume of capitalization of the Warsaw Stock Exchange are analyzed; the dependence of the capitalization of the Exchange on foreign portfolio investments in shares of Polish issuers is revealed. Based on the results of own calculations of multiple correlation coefficients, the level of dependence between capital stock market indicators and assets of such financial institutions in Poland as investment and open pension funds, insurance companies is determined, and a significant interconnection of assets of investment and open pension funds and insurance companies is revealed. The obtained results can become a basis for institutional investors in the process of making effective decisions on expanding the range of trading in securities. Article is written in Ukrainian
Dovgal O. A., Dovhal G. V.
Global Innovation Space: Prerequisites, Specifics and Tools of Formation (p. 15 - 20)
The aim of the article is to study the prerequisites, specifics and tools of formation of the global innovation space under current conditions of development. On the basis of the generalization of the world’s scientific developments, the article considers processes of formation of the global innovative space, activation of innovation policies of different countries, optimization of state innovation activity as a factor of competitiveness of the national economy. It is substantiated that in the modern world an increasing role is played by global technological cooperation and partnership arising when several different companies decide to implement a joint project, which main goal is development of knowledge and creation of innovative products or exchange of scientific and technical information. This process is one of the ways to form the global innovation space, determines strategies for development of both innovation processes and globalization of the economy as a whole. It is concluded that in the final reckoning the processes in the field of innovative development have their own logic, which corresponds to the current trends in the development of the world economy. Innovation, on the one hand, brings together economies of different countries and, on the other, leads to aggravation of international competition in the world. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kazakova N. A., Perepelytsia A. S., Sidorov M. V.
Innovative Development of the Informatization of the Hotel Business in the Context of Globalization of the World Economy (p. 21 - 25)
The aim of the article is to study the identification of features of the international hotel business regulation using information technologies. There considered the influence of information technologies on management of the hotel, since it is directly related to the increase in the work efficiency of both an individual manager and the company as a whole, as well as their influence on the company competitiveness in today’s market. The use of computer networks, Internet and Internet technologies, software products of end-to-end automation of all hotel business processes, which today are not just a matter of leadership and creation of competitive advantages but also survival in the market in the near future, is analyzed. The conclusion is made on the need to use information technologies as a tool for regulating international business processes in the hotel sector. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kalyuzhna N. H.
The Approach to Defining Gravity Factors of Influence on the Foreign Trade Relations of Countries (p. 26 - 31)
The aim of the article is to determine the gravity factors of influence on the foreign trade relations of countries on the basis of the results of the comparative analysis of the classical specifications of the gravity model of foreign trade and the domestic experience in gravity modeling. It is substantiated that a gravity model is one of the tools of economic and mathematical modeling, the use of which is characterized by a high level of adequacy and ensures prediction of foreign trade conditions. The main approaches to the definition of explanatory variables in the gravity equation of foreign trade are analyzed, and the author’s approach to the selection of the factors of the gravity model is proposed. As the first explanatory variable in the specification of the gravity model of foreign trade and the characteristics of the importance of economies of foreign trade partners, it is proposed to use the GDP calculated at purchasing power parity with the expected positive and statistically significant coefficient. As the second explanatory variable of the gravity equation of foreign trade, it is proposed to use a complex characteristic of the “trade distance” between countries, which reflects the current conditions of bilateral trade and depends on factors influencing the foreign trade turnover between countries — both directly (static proportionality of transport costs of geographical remoteness), and indirectly (dynamic institutional conditions of bilateral relations). The expediency of using the world average annual price for oil as the quantitative equivalent of the “trading distance” index is substantiated. Prospects for further research in this direction are identifying the form and force of influence of certain basic gravity variables on the foreign trade relations of certain partner countries and determining the appropriateness of including additional factors in the composition of the gravity equation of foreign trade. Article is written in Ukrainian
Natorina A. O.
Online Customization of Retailers’ Activities (p. 32 - 37)
The aim of the article is to develop recommendations on correct online customization of retailers’ activities in the online space based on results of studying and analyzing trends in digital activity of consumers under real time conditions and taking into account the factors directly influencing buyers’ purchasing from corresponding online retailers. The trends of changes in digital forms of contacting consumers in different countries and regions of the world are studied, and their access to the digital content with details of gadget types and devices is analyzed. The level of digital activity of consumers in the online space is diagnosed in accordance with the consumer inclusion index using the GfK methodology. It is grounded that retailers are advisable to look for new tools of online customization with mandatory consideration of consumer preferences, which depend on the influence of various factors on their behavior. It is found out that a high level of online confidence in a retailer acts as a catalyst for purchasing on the Internet, and factors influencing it are identified. The prerequisites for successful online customization of retailers’ activities are considered, and categories of behavioral patterns of potential buyers to achieve the most effective digital promotion of retailers in the online space are proposed. The aspects of online customization that guarantee the necessary level of competitiveness of retailers for effective functioning in the online space are justified. Article is written in Ukrainian
Yasynska N. A., Sichko S. M.
Globalization Components in the Formation of National Financial Systems (p. 38 - 47)
A logical parallel is drawn between the evolution of the global economy and the global financial system through the prism of typology and modernization. It is revealed that the processes of transformation of the financial system cause destabilization of the global economy. The genesis described in the article made it possible to identify the relationship between the process of financialization and the redistributive effect. As a result, it can become the main influencing element in changing civilizational concepts — from the evolution of society to the creation of a new economy with a changed financial and economic paradigm. But the existence of such a factor as the evolution of society, the result of which is new products and goods, is accompanied by a decline in the values of financial and economic indicators. The calculated general financial and economic indicators confirmed the importance of the current national financial practices in the modern evolution of the global economy. It has been studied that the manifestation of the socium reaction to every civilizational transition is the improvement of existing methods of economic management and the formation of new institutions, which leads to the problem of the “institutional stalemate”. The result of the study made it possible to identify the globalization components that influence the formation of national financial systems in terms of institutional stabilization. Article is written in English
Yaroshenko I. V., Semyhulina I. B.
The Analysis of Strategic Priorities for the Development of European Cities (p. 48 - 54)
Countries of the European Union have gained rich experience in developing and implementing a balanced socio-economic and regional policy. The development of regions and individual territories and cities in these countries is given special attention, since this direction provides one of the greatest opportunities to create a synergetic effect by reducing the unevenness of regional (territorial) development and the effective use of existing potential and, as a result, ensures the welfare of citizens of the territories, decrease of socio-political tension in the society, creation of new jobs and increase of competitiveness of the national economy as a whole. The integration of Ukraine into the modern world community envisages development and implementation of an effective regional policy in view of integrated and rational use of all multipurpose resources and depends on a comprehensive evaluation of the existing social and economic potential of the country as a whole and its regions. Also it involves identification of sources and scales of development, definition and assessment of long-term options for socio-economic development of the country and individual territories based on the rational allocation of productive forces with consideration to specialization and individual characteristics. In the context of introducing the reform of power decentralization in Ukraine, the responsibility of local authorities for ensuring effective management in many areas of life is becoming ever greater. Sustainable and efficient economic development of territories is a guarantee of a high level of the population life quality in all its aspects. At the same time, it is necessary to fully understand the main problems of communities, cities and ways to solve them in the context of global trends in the development of territories, in particular cities. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2017
Grytsulenko S. I.
The Investigation of the European and Eurasian Markets for Technologies: Ukraine in Regional Patent Spaces (p. 7 - 18)
The exclusive right to intellectual property acts as a universally recognized tool of the modern competitive struggle for the markets for goods and technologies, which actualizes the issue of Ukraine’s participation in this process. For this purpose, based on the data from the European, Eurasian and world patent statistics, the article measures the level of inventive activity of Ukraine in the nearest regional markets for technologies. Among the relevant quantitative and qualitative indicators for the evaluation of the patenting in Ukraine and leading countries of Europe and Eurasia there analyzed: the total volume and dynamics of filing patent applications; the total volume and specific weight of patent portfolios; the high-tech patenting. Based on the results of the study, the corresponding conclusions are drawn. In particular, the huge gap between Ukraine and leaders of inventive activity predetermined the absence of any significant influence of the country on the development of innovative markets in Europe and Eurasia. The decrease in Ukraine’s striving to succeed in the above mentioned ones leads to the loss of both promising markets and entire sectors of the national economy. Article is written in Russian
Deyneka T. A.
Challenges, Contradictions and Risks of the Modern Global Economy (p. 19 - 25)
The aim of the article is to reveal the nature of challenges, contradictions and risks of the global economy. The stages of the reproduction cycle of global contradictions are considered with singling out the “conflict” stage. There described the categorical apparatus of the research with determination of the following meaningful sequence: global challenge ? global problem ? global risk ? global crisis ? global catastrophe. The forecast of the WEF for 2017 on global trends and global risks is analyzed. The system nature of global risks is identified as a defining feature of their modern manifestation. The system approach to determining the source of origin of modern challenges, contradictions and risks of the global economy is used. It is proved that the nature of the system unproductiveness (crisis-induced character) comes from the depths of capitalist relations and finds its modern manifestation through the self-denial of capitalism and the contradictions caused by the evolution of global capital. The idea of the inevitability of the global catastrophe that awaits humanity is refuted and the possibility and necessity of applying long-term safety management strategies on the part of the harmonized society is argued. Article is written in Ukrainian
Yevtushenko V. A., Raкhman M. S., Mangushev D. V.
The Impact of International Tourism on the Economic Development and the Image of an Individual Country (p. 26 - 34)
The aim of the paper is to study the dynamics of economic indicators of international tourism, the main problems, trends and prospects of the industry development in the world market and an individual country, the role of the country’s image and its impact of on the creation of a competitive tourist product. There considered the dynamics of statistical indicators of the international tourism structure, in particular the tourist flow, contribution to the world GDP and employment, and national economies. The analysis of the status of the tourist industry of Ukraine in the context of the main economic indicators and hotel infrastructure is conducted using the example of Kharkov region. The role of the image and its influence on the competitiveness of the national tourist product is revealed. On the basis of correlation analysis, forecast models for a number of indicators are created. The present trends in the development of the tourist industry of Ukraine are identified and recommendations on improving its competitiveness are given. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kuzmin O. Y., Krevs V. Y., Yastrubskyy M. Y.
Mechanisms of Attracting Investments within the Activity of Higher Educational Institutions (p. 35 - 40)
Mechanisms of attracting innovations within the activity of higher educational institutions are considered. Features of educational innovations arising from the immanent nature of the sector are characterized. The attention is focused on the applied aspect of educational innovations. The emphasis is placed on the need for rapid adaptation of higher education of the present time to new social realities, civilizational challenges, giving consideration to trends and prospects for human development. The state of introduction of educational innovations in leading European countries and the USA, their orientation to the introduction and promotion of e-learning that has formed a powerful market with characteristics inherent in it is considered. It is pointed up that the growth of the popularity of e-schools has led to global changes in educational systems of many countries of the world. The situation of the popularization of e-learning in China and Africa is studied. There identified trends in the development of e-learning that in the long term should ensure continuous education throughout life. The state of introduction of educational innovations in the system of the higher school of Ukraine is described. The prospects of innovative processes in the sphere of education are outlined, and promising directions of attracting educational innovations are indicated. Article is written in Ukrainian
Qoqiauri L. G., Gechbaia B. N.
The State Regulation of Innovation Activity at the Present Stage (p. 41 - 47)
The article discusses the necessity of state regulation in the field of development of innovations and technologies at the present stage. The main directions of the state innovation policies in developed countries of the world are studied and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the objectives of the national strategy for development of science and innovations and to searching the ways for fulfilling this strategy. Apart from these specific problems, the work considers the issue of the state regulation and support of further introduction of innovations and increase of the so called “entrepreneurial” role of the state. Article is written in English
Telnova H. V.
The Analysis of Corporate Tax and Personal Income Tax in European Countries (p. 48 - 54)
The aim of the article is to reveal the relationship between the rates of corporate tax and personal income tax and the pace of economic development. The existence of the open financial market under conditions of globalization leaves its imprint on forming the vectors of development of the tax systems in the countries. Thus, the optimal corporate taxation creates a competitive and investment-attractive climate, facilitates encouraging foreign investments and locating economic activities. The study made it possible to establish the absence of a direct link between the tax rates and economic growth. At the same time, a linear relationship between the tax rates and the tax burden is revealed. On the basis of the presented mathematical expression, it can be concluded that an increase in the personal income tax causes an increase in the tax burden, and an increase in the corporate tax — its reduction. The cluster analysis of the corporate tax and the personal income tax in European countries allowed to justify the determinants of successful economic development presenting the formation of the vector of the tax policy in the aspect of moderate taxation of individuals and the need for low taxation of corporate profits. Article is written in Russian
Shymanska K. V.
The Trends in International Migration of Human Resources under Conditions of Geo-Economic Transformations (p. 55 - 60)
The aim of the article is to reveal the influence of geo-economic transformations on the trends in international migration of human resources as an element of the resource potential of countries and regions. The current state of geo-economic transformations is analyzed, and their influence on the processes of international migration of human resources is revealed. The relevance of analyzing international movement of human resources, not labor ones, in building the geo-economic strategy of a country or a regional grouping is justified. The connection between the international migration of human resources and the trends in development of individual countries and regions (oil exporting countries, newly industrialized countries and least developed agrarian countries) is determined, the general patterns of migration flows in these countries are described. Furthermore, the topical issues in studying international migration of human resources in the context of the directions of geo-economics identified by scientists are formulated. It is determined that the regional migration policy should contribute to maximizing the benefits of migration of human resources for the development of the region and the use of immigrants in the countries of the region as an economic resource that becomes strategically important under conditions of geo-economic transformations. Article is written in Ukrainian
Iurchenko S. A., Iurchenko О. Y., Vorkueiva K. А.
Peculiarities of International Migration of Population in Europe at the Present Stage (p. 61 - 69)
Under conditions of globalization, international migration of population is steadily growing and significantly affects the socio-economic development of countries and regions. The aim of the article is to identify the features of international migration of population in Europe. The migration trends in the region and its subregions are analyzed. It is shown that Western Europe is leading according to the number of migrants residing on its territory, but the maximum growth of migrants for the period of 1990-2015 is observed in Southern Europe. The proportion of women and population of active age groups is increasing in the structure of migrants. In recent years the flow of refugees has increased. The impact of the migration crisis on the economies of the host countries is analyzed. Calculations of coefficients of multiple correlation demonstrated the level of dependence between the indicators of migration and GDP, population size, share of urban population. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop migration policies at different hierarchical levels. Article is written in Russian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2017
Dovgal O. A., Taran A. Y.
Institutional Means for Ensuring the Technological Leadership of Germany in the EU Economic System (p. 6 - 13)
The article focuses on the analysis of institutional means for ensuring the technological leadership of Germany in the economic system of the EU. The main idea of all the programs and strategies of the European Union is to ensure competitive and dynamic development. Germany occupies a leading position in many respects both in the European and global technology market, which is due to the country’s strong scientific potential and the high level of spending on R&D. The article compares the tasks of the national high-tech strategy of the FRG and the strategy of the EU Innovation Union. There generalized the functions of the main components of the system of scientific associations of the Federal Republic of Germany, which are an effective tool for implementing the state policy in the field of innovation investment. An approach to qualitative assessment of the level of information interaction of the subjects in the system of R&D institutes and the diffusion of technologies using the criterion of information communication is proposed. A prospect for further research on this issue is a comprehensive analysis of the main components of Germany’s innovation strategy in the EU economic system. Article is written in Ukrainian
Rudyka V. I.
The Analysis of the Experience in Commercialization of Indirect Coal Liquefaction Technologies in the World (p. 13 - 19)
It is substantiated that, taking into account the world trends in the development of fuel and energy complexes, in the near future the most preferable direction in using solid fossil fuels will become not just their burning but advanced thermochemical processing, which will result in obtaining such end products as substitutes for natural gas, electricity, and synthetic analogues of hydrocarbons. There analyzed foreign experience on commercialization of indirect coal gasification technologies, among which the technologies of traditional and plasma gasification are singled out. The advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are systematized, and the hypothesis about better prospects for using the technology of plasma gasification of coal in comparison with the traditional analogues that are based on the Fischer-Tropsch process is put forward. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khanova Y. V., Skibina S. O.
Sustainable Development of EU countries: Assessment Methodology and Indicators (p. 20 - 32)
The aim of the article is to substantiate the methodology and indicators for assessment of sustainable development in EU countries at the present stage. The article suggests the use of certain indicators for assessment of sustainable development of EU countries: for economic evaluation – Index of Competitiveness and Index of Economic Freedom; for social evaluation — Life Quality Index, Human Development Index, Index of Knowledge Societies; for environmental evaluation — Environmental Sustainability Index and Environmental Efficiency Index. Each of the selected indexes in EU countries is analyzed. The methodology for calculating the ratio of the economic, social and environmental components of sustainable development for EU countries is presented. Emphasis is placed on the significant regional diversification of sustainable development and its components across EU countries, there identified countries of the strong, medium and weak sustainability. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2017
Yermak S. O.
Descriptive Characteristics of Inclusive Growth as an Innovative Vector of the Socio-Economic Development (p. 8 - 14)
The article examines the experience of recent years, which indicates an increase in the unevenness of incomes and social inequalities in the process of development of scientific and technological progress, modernization of the economy and economic growth. That is, there arises not only the problem of sustainability of economic growth, but its inclusiveness as well. The differences between the extractive and inclusive models of the economy are given, the very concept “inclusiveness” is considered as the involving of all strata of the population, without any distinctions and limitations, in the process. There studied the concept of inclusive growth creating maximum opportunities for all strata of the population to find employment and participate in all spheres of the country’s life and ensuring an equitable distribution of labor income. The basic components and characteristics inherent in inclusive growth as a basis of social and economic development are formed. The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) and the place of Ukraine in terms of IDI and GDP per capita among developing countries in 2017 are analyzed. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kotlyarevskyy Y. V., Trotskyi T. V., Dyachenko M. O.
Progress in the International Financing of Sustainable Development Projects and Resolution of Global Ecological Problems (p. 15 - 23)
The article considers the current state and prospects for the development of financial and investment mechanisms in the planning and implementation of environmental global international projects and programs. In particular, the main provisions for the formation of the concept of sustainable development in the context of investigating green investment as a form of international financing for sustainable development projects are outlined, and relevant international experience are presented as well. A theoretical and methodological, and retrospective analysis of forming the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the green economy and green investments is carried out. The applied financial and economic aspects of the formation of mechanisms for international financing to fulfill the obligations under the Kyoto Protocol are studied, specifics of the institutionalization of the organizational and financial mechanisms of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) are determined, as well as the prospects of their influence on the national economy are examined. Article is written in Ukrainian
Maliuta I. A.
Modern Integration Processes in the Asia-Pacific Region: the Formation of Trans-Regional Mega-Agreements (p. 24 - 30)
In the 21st century, especially in the last decade, new intercontinental integration projects appear on the global stage with a high potential for influencing the regional economic structure and at the same time bearing certain challenges for the international geo-economic and geo-political map of the world. Comprehensive new-generation inter-regional agreements are being formed, such as the TTP, the TTIP, the RCEP, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the EU (CETA), the Japan-EU Economic Partnership. The Asia-Pacific region has been an active participant in the creation and promotion of mega-regional trade agreements. Mega-regional trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region, namely the TTP and the RCEP, are analyzed as mega-projects with an unprecedented scale of liberalization within the framework of the agreement that include provisions complementing the WTO framework or extending beyond it. There identified reasons for the emergence of mega-regional trade agreements and prospects for the implementation of these projects, as well as possible consequences for the international economic system. It is established that new trans-regional projects, providing certain advantages to the participating countries, simultaneously carry both opportunities and challenges for the world economy. The latter are associated with the threats of crowding the countries that do not take an active part in the integration processes out of the global chains of value creation as well as of the processes of international trade. Article is written in Ukrainian
Mikaelian S. G.
The Disposition Parameters of the Technological and Innovation Gap in the Global Economy (p. 31 - 35)
The aim of the study is to specify the disposition parameters of the technological and innovation gap in the global economy and determine the directions for overcoming it. It is proved that the process of technological asymmetry is reflected in the technological and innovation gap in the global economy. The positions of the countries-innovation leaders are clarified with the attention being focused on the growth of China’s influence through its efforts in technological innovations. There described the transformation of the positions in two planes: production of and trade in high-tech products. A hypothesis about the change in the nature of innovations during the last decade is confirmed. It is proved that the affordability of the formation of advanced technologies in China has become a reason for its transformation into the powerhouse of the world economic development. There identified and characterized the directions for bridging the gap between economies, which include increasing investment on the global innovation scale; promoting the spread of technologies and their adaptation; ensuring an unimpeded flow of talents and knowledge; using intellectual property rights to promote innovation for the poor, improve the innovation efficiency; entering markets. Article is written in Ukrainian
Pugachevska K. S.
Tools for Export Promotion in the Context of Globalization (p. 36 - 41)
A comparative analysis of the rate of growth in exports of goods and GDP is carried out, and goods exports to GDP ratio in the context of the developed countries, developing countries, and countries with the transition economy is calculated. This allows to make a conclusion about a decrease in importance of exports as a key engine of the world economic growth during the past years. The legal basis of the WTO’s activities in terms of state support for exports is described. The main reasons for the emergence of a conflict of interests between countries with different levels of economic development concerning the use of individual protectionist barriers are revealed. Potential long-term consequences of the growth of export orientation under conditions of openness of national economies are identified. The measures and tools of the country’s export promotion in foreign markets are studied. It is grounded that under conditions of destabilization of global trade regulators, effective export promotion is a mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy of Ukraine. Prospects for further research in this area are the determination of instruments to stimulate exports, which have the greatest impact on the export orientation of certain economic activities. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khanin I. H., Polyakov M. V.
The State Strategies for Building the Knowledge Economy: the Transformation Vector and Group Features (p. 42 - 49)
The aim of the article is to analyze the state strategies for building the knowledge economy, determine the directions of transformation and group features of the developed countries and the most economically powerful developing countries. Attention is drawn to the modern world context of historical circumstances affecting the state strategies for the transition to the knowledge economy, the changes in patterns of economic growth and the new stage of globalization associated with the development and dissemination of knowledge. In this regard, there singled out a number of global megatrends covering scientific and technical activities, international trade in high-technology goods and knowledge-intensive services, international migration of labor, etc. There also noted the change in the paradigm of rivalry and the “architecture” of the global economic leadership. The indicators of scientific and technical activities in several countries are analyzed, which proves the preservation of asymmetry. The results of the analysis of the strategies for building the knowledge economy in a number of developed countries (the US, EU countries, Germany, France, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Israel) and developing countries (China, India, Malaysia, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico) are presented. Their participation in the world scientific progress and innovation process is characterized, as well as the main directions of transformations in terms of the transition to the knowledge economy (new industrialization, development of science and education, improvement of innovation systems, development of international scientific and technical cooperation, etc.). One of the factors of structural changes at all levels is macro innovations. Within the framework of the proposed concept, three types of such innovations are distinguished: scientific and paradigm, structural, and transformational. Their relationship with the foreign economic strategy of the state is established. Article is written in Ukrainian
Chmutova I. M., Andriichenko Z. O.
International Experience in Reforming the System of Higher Education Governance in terms of Increasing the University Autonomy (p. 50 - 56)
The aim of the article is to summarize the international experience of reforming the system of higher education governance and develop directions that will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the Ukrainian model for governance of higher education and ensuring its autonomy. There identified common elements and trends in European higher education reforms: greater autonomy for higher education institutions with less direct administrative intervention; greater emphasis on private rather than public funding; emphasis on the quality and effectiveness of education. The tools for implementing reforms in the European higher education system are identified: the New Public Management (NPM) model, governance through networks, and new forms of governance. The changes in the university autonomy of European countries for the period of 2010-2016 are summarized. The content of the reforms in terms of increasing the autonomy of HEIs in the countries of Asia is disclosed. Possible vectors for reforming the system of higher education governance in Ukraine are identified: introduction of a model for funding HEIs on the basis of combining a one-time full budgeting and financing by results; assigning universities ownership of their buildings and their sale in the market; strengthening the decentralization of government control of higher education; development of legislative bases for the self-sufficiency of HEIs; inclusion of external stakeholders in decision-making governing bodies of HEIs; maximum involvement of students in decision-making. Article is written in English
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2018
Rechka K. M.
Summarizing the Main Directions of Economic Growth and Development of Agriculture in Countries with Market Economy (p. 7 - 14)
The aim of the article is to determine the main directions of economic growth and development of agriculture in general. The economic development of the agricultural sector in countries with market economy, namely in the US and EU countries, is analyzed. Based on the analysis of works of a number of academic economists, the advantages of large agricultural enterprises over small ones are identified and summarized. As a result of the research, it is revealed that the most significant factors that influence the economic development of agricultural enterprises are their size and forms of ownership and management. At the same time, it is proved that only an increase in the scale of production does not ensure an increase in the economic effect. The increase in the scale of production should be accompanied by improvement of production technologies and perfection of the forms of intraeconomic organization of labor, as well as specialization and cooperation. Summing up all the issues of the economic priority of large agrarian enterprises discussed above, we can formulate the following conclusions. The provision on the operation of such economic laws as “identity of property and labor”, as well as “the law of the advantage of large enterprises” is scientifically justified. Having studied the main directions of economic growth in countries with market economy, it is proved that cooperation is the most effective type of management. This should be a priority and promising vector for our country. Article is written in Ukrainian
Siryk Z. O.
The Ways of Using Foreign Experience of Intermunicipal Investment Cooperation (p. 15 - 21)
The content and nature of intermunicipal investment cooperation (IMIC) are disclosed in the article. The aim of the article is to study the foreign experience of intermunicipal investment cooperation with a view to further introduction of local self-government into domestic practice. By analyzing and summarizing the scientific works of many scientists, in which the general experience and mechanism of intermunicipal cooperation is considered, the main features of the reasons for the existence and promotion of intermunicipal investment cooperation are revealed. Some foreign practices of the existence of intermunicipal investment cooperation are analyzed. There made a critical analysis regarding the forms of implementation of such cooperation. Features of the mechanism of functioning of various models of such cooperation are revealed. It is substantiated that the intermunicipal investment IMIC is not a fairly common practice and direction of cooperation between territorial communities and their government bodies. The legislation of most of the analyzed countries does not establish clear rules that would administer or regulate IMIC to an extent required by the practice of territorial management and development of territories. It is determined that a large number of forms, models and methods of implementing IMIC, despite even a certain rarity of their application, attests to the most important characteristic feature of it. It is stated that the following forms of IMIC should be considered as the most effective with regard to domestic practice of organization of local self-government and financial flows: establishment of a separate intermunicipal institution (body) authorized to manage or regulate the implementation of investment processes and administration of investment processes by concluding an administrative agreement. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kholiavko N. I., Kurochka V. O.
The Trends of Financing and Commercialization in the System of Higher Education in Ireland (p. 22 - 27)
The aim of the article is to determine the current trends in financing the higher education system in Ireland and identify the applied basis for the commercialization of the results of university research. The processes of modernization of the higher education system in the Republic of Ireland are analyzed. The role of higher education and science in ensuring economic growth of the country is disclosed. It is determined that the key vector in the modernization of the Irish higher education system is the improvement of the quality of educational services. Particular attention is paid to studying the financial aspects of the development of higher education in Ireland. Taking into account the pan-European tendency to reduce the amount of financing from the state budget, the necessity of diversifying the sources of financing for activities of Irish universities is substantiated. Under conditions of information economy, there is a growing demand of the business sector for results of scientific research. The authors note the priority of intensifying the commercialization processes, transferring innovation developments and inventions of university scientists to the real sector of the national economy. Prospects for further research are studying the leading experience of countries of the world in the effective modernization of the system of higher education; identifying the best world practices for the commercialization of research results of higher education institutions; defining approaches to their adaptation and directions of effective implementation in Ukraine. Article is written in Ukrainian
Cherkas N. I.
Studying the Factors of Economic Growth in Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (p. 28 - 35)
The aim of the article is to study the impact of macroeconomic, technological and institutional indicators on economic growth of countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) using a panel data model. A sample of 12 CEE countries for the period 2006-2015 is analyzed. The following methods are used: 1) ordinary least squares (OLS), 2) fixed effects model (FE); 3) random effects model (RE). As a dependent variable there selected GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, as an independent one — the exchange rate, export of high- and low-tech products, import of high-tech products, innovations. There used additional control variables: foreign direct investment, government efficiency, human capital, the Gini index, and public debt. The results of the study show that the devaluation of the monetary unit adversely affects the economic growth. Asymmetric results of the impact of high-technology and low-technology exports on GDP are obtained. The development of innovation and the improvement of the quality of human capital demonstrate a positive significant impact in terms of all specifications. The obtained results confirm that European integration supports non-price competition of CEE countries in the world market of high-tech products through participation in production networks of the EU-15. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2018
Ballack Emad
The Medium-Term Forecast of the Development of Integration among Countries of the Middle East and North Africa (p. 8 - 15)
The aim of the article is to analyze the current stage in the development of integration among countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Systematizing and summarizing the works dedicated to the problems and prospects of their participation in regional integration groups (RIGs), there considered the possibilities of expanding trade and economic relations, which, together with the participation in the World Trade Organization, have provided an opportunity to forecast further development of foreign trade policies of these countries. As a result of the study, it is revealed that in general, MENA countries have similar development problems, which can be divided into two groups: general economic ones, which are associated with differences in the levels of economic development of Arab countries with different resource support, and institutional ones. It is proved that integration is not sufficiently well established and is still acting as a trend — MENA countries continue to implement various “catch-up” scenarios using traditional directions — access to markets and increased emphasis on trade. There analyzed key priorities of the development strategies of Saudi Arabia (Strategy 2025) and the UAE (Economic Vision of Abu Dhabi 2030), aimed at the modernization of the economies, their complete transition to renewable energies through introducing recent innovations, creation of a competitive private sector, increase of the significance of non-oil sectors of the economy that have competitive advantages. It is determined that the common feature for these strategies is that the main source of the modernization is public finance in the form of holding companies and public-private partnerships using BOT (build-operate-transfer) schemes with the participation of state capital in various sectors and the capabilities of “collaborative institutions”. And in the long run, regional integration will retain its priority over global liberalization. Further research will be related to the attempts of Arab scholars aimed at uniting Islam, the state, and the market economy of the Western type as the main condition for the further development of MENA countries. Article is written in English
Kalyuzhna N. H., Yakovchenko V. S.
Transparency in Interstate Trade and Economic Cooperation: Essence and Attributes (p. 16 - 23)
The aim of the article is to define attributes of transparency in interstate trade and economic cooperation as a set of its necessary and sufficient features, based on the study of approaches to the interpretation of the relevant term. The necessity of considering transparency as a fundamental principle in interstate trade and economic cooperation is substantiated. The approaches to interpreting transparency in the field of public administration and interstate cooperation are investigated. The functioning of the principle of transparency within the framework of activities of international organizations and the interpretation of the concept of transparency by domestic and foreign scientists are analyzed. The matrix of synonymy and secondariness of attributes of transparency and the hierarchy of the formation of attributive characteristics of transparency are developed. The attributes of transparency of trade and economic cooperation are defined as a set of its necessary and sufficient features. It is justified that transparency should be considered as a fundamental principle of interstate trade and economic cooperation, the main attributive characteristics of which are transparency, informative value, openness, publicity, and accountability. It is proved that the compliance of Ukraine’s foreign trade policy with certain attributes of transparency will contribute to predictability of foreign trade, openness of activities of participants in trade procedures, as well as economic growth, increase in competitiveness and financial stability of the state both at the national and international levels. There generalized an idea about the need to study theoretical and practical aspects of transparency in foreign trade policy of the state. Prospects for further research in this area are the assessment of possibilities for ensuring the compliance of Ukraine’s foreign trade policy with the attributes of transparency. Article is written in Ukrainian
Opalko V. V.
The Ideology of Causes of Inequality and Contradictions of the Global Economic Development (p. 24 - 30)
The aim of the article is to identify and formalize causes and criteria of socio-economic inequality, develop an integral indicator of inequality under current conditions of global development using the criteria-based approach. There applied the following methods: the generalization and formalization methods – in studying causes of inequality, the methods of abstraction and mathematical analysis – in constructing the covariance matrix of inequality criteria. Based on the analysis, it is established that inequality results from specific economic and social conditions, has a multilevel structure and is a multidimensional category by origin. The causes of inequality are argued, including prestige of the profession, property status, wages, income, wealth, education, etc. Inequality is a relative assessment of development that is considered in the context of social and economic dimensions of development, which is associated with the distribution of wealth, property, capital, income, economic power, social services. It is established that the transformations taking place in the modern global world play an important role in changing the ideology of inequality. To calculate the integral index of socio-economic inequality, there proposed a criteria-based scientific methodological approach, which is adapted to the current conditions of development, uses a set of analytical indicators (decile and quintile coefficients; Gini, Palma, Keitz indices; happiness index, human development index) and can be applied at any level. Article is written in Ukrainian
Rudyka V. I., Lelyuk O. V.
Generalizing the Results of Foresight Studies on the Development of Markets for Liquid Hydrocarbons across the World and Forming Consensus Forecast (p. 31 - 37)
The article is dedicated to the systematization of forecast trends in the development of liquid hydrocarbons across the world, as well as the formation of a consensus forecast for this area of energy use. There analyzed foresight studies carried out for individual organizations as well as the demand for liquid hydrocarbons, its consensus forecast being formed. The regional and sectoral structures of the world consumption of liquid hydrocarbons are determined, and their consensus forecasts are formed. The current trends in the consumption of liquid hydrocarbons and the extraction of crude oil are considered. The forecast trends in the expansion of the raw-material basket for the production of liquid hydrocarbons are analyzed. It is shown that the world oil production will remain the dominant source of supply of liquid hydrocarbons. The forecast of oil production in the world is formed. There carried out a comparative analysis of the data of different energy foresight studies on the world oil production. Using the consolidated forecast, its regional structure and consensus forecast are formed. Since forecasting oil prices is an integral part of making prognosis both of the market of liquid hydrocarbons and the entire energy landscape of the future, the forecasts of oil prices in the studies carried out for individual organizations are considered, and their consensus forecast is formed. Based on the study, the main trend in the sphere of liquid hydrocarbons and key trends in the long-term development of this sphere of energy use are highlighted. It is proved that the world oil market in the long term becomes even more concentrated, while the market for liquid hydrocarbons is undergoing significant diversification associated with the expansion of production and consumption of non-oil fuels. The low oil prices in the global market are revealed to be an obstacle to substitution of oil raw materials, as well as for the development of non-conventional oil resources. Article is written in Russian
Khanin I. H., Polyakov M. V., Bilozubenko V. S.
On the Relationship between the Concepts of the Knowledge Economy and the Digital Economy in the Formation of a New Paradigm for the Development of the World Economy (p. 38 - 43)
Attention is focused on the fact that the modern world enters a period of complex transformations associated with overcoming the accumulated problems of an economic and non-economic nature as well as with the transition to a new paradigm for the development of the world economy. One of its foundations is the model of the knowledge economy. On the other hand, the progress of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their penetration into all spheres of society has created the conditions for the formation of the so-called digital economy. This also transforms modern economic systems and acquires global significance. As a result, the concepts of the knowledge economy and the digital economy intersect both in theory and in practice. The determination of their relationship is an actual scientific and practical problem from the point of view of explaining and forming the new paradigm for the development of the world economy. The essence and features of the knowledge economy as a new type of economy are specified in the article. It is substantiated that this term more fully and accurately reflects the specificity of the new stage of social development and becomes the basic one. The transformation influence of ICT on the modern economy, which leads to the formation of the digital economy, is noted. The essential features and characteristics of such an economy as a new functional model of the economic system are determined. The specifics of digital transformations changing the forms of economic organization are considered. An explanation of the relationship between the concepts of the knowledge economy and the digital economy and their complementarity in the formation of the new paradigm for the development of the world economy is presented. This is ensured by the fact that they change the models of economic growth; ensure structural and functional transformation of systems of social production; become the basis for the creation of new economic mechanisms. The expediency of implementing the provisions of the adopted Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 is noted. It is suggested that such documents (in the field of digital economy development) be directed at building the infrastructure of the knowledge economy and ensuring its key processes, especially in the field of science and education. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2018
Dovgal O. A., Serdiuk H. V.
Modern US Trade Protectionism and the Prospects for the Functioning of the Integration Association of NAFTA (p. 6 - 12)
The aim of the article is to analyze the background and manifestations of modern US trade protectionism and, as a result, problems regarding the prospects for the functioning of the integration association of NAFTA. The article analyzes the background and manifestations of modern US trade protectionism. It is substantiated that it is not so much the issue of protectionism, which is put in the basis of the foreign economic policy of the current US administration, as the achievement of national interests at the expense of state regulation on a predominantly bilateral basis. At the same time, it is important for the US foreign economic policy to build vectors of economic interaction within the framework of North and South America as one of the most important priorities of the administration. The article concludes that the US in its foreign trade policy will reshape the system of relations on the American continent on the basis of interstate agreements, including in the form of free trade agreements (FTAs) or regional trade agreements (RTAs), actually implementing the transition to multipolarity in international economic relations. The prospects for further research on this problematics are a comprehensive analysis of modern US trade protectionism with consideration for other countries and integration associations of the world. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kuznetsova N. B.
European Experience in Implementing the Concept of Learning Cities (p. 13 - 18)
The aim of the article is to consider the sequence of formation of the concept “learning cities” and practical steps for its implementation in the world, as well as to study the European experience in the construction of learning cities. An analysis of scientific works of leading European researchers in the field of regional policy-making and practice of introducing lifelong learning has made it possible to determine the role of the educational sphere, training, and human resources as the main sources for the development of learning cities. Based on studying the experience of developed European countries in the construction of learning cities, the author identified the main factors for the effective creation of learning cities and the sequence of their transformation into learning ones. The author’s definition of the concept “learning cities” is proposed. Prospects for further research are to study the impact of learning cities on the development of human capital and the formation of the creative sector of the economy in regions. Article is written in Russian
Raкhman M. S.
Attracting the Tourism Potential of Ukraine to the “Unloading” of the World Flows (p. 19 - 28)
The article highlights the study of ways and possibilities for attracting the domestic tourism potential in accepting part of the growing world tourist flow to solve the problem of the “overloading” of famous cultural monuments and wonders of the world. The progress of activities on developing the tourist brand, its relationship with the tourist image and the position of Ukraine in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index are considered. The trends in structural changes in the tourist flow of the country for 2006–2017 and factors that influence them are investigated. There carried out an analysis of the performance of the tourism industry of Ukraine: in the context of subjects by the number of enterprises and full-time employees and income as well as the dynamics of direct and general contributions to GDP and the employment rate in the country. Statistical indicators of the volume of expenses of domestic tourists and foreign visitors as well as preferences of the tourist flow as to the purpose of traveling in the domestic and foreign markets are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the structure of foreign trade in tourism services by the purpose of traveling and the geographic preferences of domestic tourists as well as the volume of sales of travel packages. As a result of the SWOT analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of the domestic tourism market are identified, and opportunities that can be turned into capacities under certain conditions are given; the PEST analysis revealed threats that can be turned into advantages. Improving the marketing capabilities of tourism enterprises is possible provided that they solve the problems of promoting and stimulating the tourism product, improving its quality and assortment; controlling, implementing the CSR principles and regular marketing research. The process of interaction with partners and the role of public-private partnership in the development of tourism are considered. Recommendations for achieving a positive result to attract foreign visitors to Ukraine are given. Article is written in Ukrainian
Tsapko-Piddubna O. I.
The Principle of Inclusion in Modern Concepts of Economic Growth (p. 29 - 36)
In the scientific literature and in creating development policies, inclusive economic growth is considered the basis for sustainable social and economic development of a country, since in this concept of economic growth the attention is shifted from the GDP growth rate to the distribution of wealth among the people as well as their economic opportunities. Given the scientific relevance of the topic and the practical need for the transition of countries to sustainable social and economic development, the article considers the evolution of scientific thought in the interaction of such economic categories as growth, poverty, and inequality; systematizes and highlights the key aspects that form the essence of the concept of inclusive growth; identifies the features that differentiate it from other modern concepts of economic growth (in particular, sustainable growth and ending poverty); suggests the ways to promote inclusive economic growth. It is determined that economic growth is inclusive if it focuses on the widespread improvement in the welfare of the people and the expansion of their economic opportunities. With inclusive growth, an increase in the welfare of all segments of the population is achieved by stimulating full and productive employment, when each member of the society is involved both in the process of creating GDP (in accordance with the principle of equality of economic opportunities) and in fair distribution of economic results. In order to promote sustainable inclusive growth, government economic policies should be directed at reducing economic inequality, using the tools of social, fiscal, monetary, and labor market policies. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2018
Butenko N. V., Koshchuk A. G.
Digital Transformation of Entrepreneurship in the Context of Implementing the Concept of Industry 4.0 (p. 7 - 12)
The processes of formation and development of the digital economy and the direction of digital transformation of enterprises in the context of the fourth industrial revolution are investigated. There highlighted trends in the development of the digital economy, in particular, an increase in the share of the digital economy in all countries of the G20 and uneven digitalization of these economies, as evidenced by its different volume — from 1.5 % to 12.4 % — in the structure of GDP of the countries. The volume of retail trade in the field of e-commerce and the number of “digital” customers in the world is analyzed, which made it possible to conclude about the positive trends in the development of e-commerce in the global economy. Digital technologies and products are defined as innovative trends of the current socio-economic environment; approach to their systematization is proposed. The essence and potential of effective and consistent implementation of the concept of Industry 4.0 are revealed. The key role of digital transformations in implementing the concept of Industry 4.0 is disclosed. There used an example of the Mironovsky Khleboprodukt group of companies, which have reoriented their competitive strategy towards digital transformation, integration of digital technologies into agro-industrial production processes. Startups are considered as a tool to meet the innovative needs of enterprises in the field of digital transformation. Examples of startups in the field of digital transformation of agro-industrial production are given. Article is written in Ukrainian
Isaieva N. I., Degtiarova O. V.
Methods for Strategizing Sustainable Development of Poland (p. 13 - 18)
The aim of the article is to study the methods for strategizing sustainable development of Poland. The article analyzes the experience, legislative, and methodological support of the strategizing of Poland. A logical scheme is developed for determining and approving the strategic goals and development priorities of the Polish strategies. The general structure is built, and the content of the Development Strategy is determined. It is established that the assessment of the relevance, realization, and influence of the Strategy on the implementation of the strategic goals is a mandatory element in the process of working out the Development Strategy. The relevance of the implementation is substantiated, and the use of Poland’s practice of strategizing in the process of reforming Ukraine’s strategic planning system is proposed. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kyzym M. O., Khaustova V. Y., Shlykova V. O., Kramarev H. V., Pinchuk A. O.
Estimating Trade in Value Added in the World Economy (p. 19 - 29)
The aim of the article is to analyze the estimates of value added trade in the global economy. The genesis of approaches to estimating international trade in value added and the development of the methodology for its statistical accounting are considered. The article highlights the joint initiative of OECD and the World Trade Organization to create a database of indicators of trade in value added (TiVA) as well as key gross trade indicators, enlarged groups of indicators of countries’ participation in global value chains, contained in TiVA, and the methods of their calculation. There analyzed some major indicators contained in TiVA, which characterize the features of value added in the context of countries of the world, including: gross added value by country and its growth rate; breakdown of sectors of the economy of countries by the share in the created value added; share of services in the total added value created in the leading countries in terms of its growth rate; changes in the domestic value added share of gross exports by country. Particular attention is paid to the issue of determining sectoral characteristics of trade in value added in the countries with which Ukraine has significant volumes of trade in goods. The changes in the domestic value added share of gross exports by countries are studied. The countries from which Ukraine imported the largest volumes of goods in monetary terms are singled out, and the main groups of imported goods are identified. There analyzed the changes in the domestic value added share of gross exports of mineral fuels, oil and its distillation products as well as domestic value added in the export of countries — key partners of Ukraine in the context of foreign economic activity. It is determined that the long-term trend in the reduction of industrial production in the economy of Ukraine and the technological lag have led to the degradation of national high-tech industries and the deepening of specialization in the export of low-grade products. It is substantiated that inclusion in global value chains can potentially attract foreign investment into the country to industrialize the economy and provide employment. Article is written in Ukrainian
Rayevnyeva O. V., Aksonova I. V., Ostapenko V. M.
Comparative Analysis and Generalization of the Experience of University – Business Partnerships (p. 30 - 42)
The aim of the article is providing a theoretical generalization and comparative analysis of foreign and domestic experience in developing areas of university-business relations; considering the problems arising from the implementation of partnerships in the educational sphere; determining the most optimal forms and methods of interaction between Ukrainian universities and business environment at the present stage of development of the economy and the higher education system as a whole. The methodological and informational basis of the research is made by scientific monographs, which highlight problems of developing interaction between the higher education and business sector, materials of periodicals and Internet resources on these issues. In carrying out the study, the methods of comparative analysis, system and logical analysis, and the method of generalizing information are used. By analyzing, systematizing and generalizing the research works of scientists, the specificity of higher education systems of foreign countries is considered, and it has been found that within each of them there are models for formation of partnerships among universities, businesses, and governments. As a result of the study, a classification of approaches to solving the problems of interconnection between a university and business is presented; comparison of government policies is conducted, and state initiatives of foreign countries in this area are summarized; the most common methods of cooperation between the higher education and business sector in the national and international practice are characterized and highlighted. It is noted that in recent years the most urgent form of government-business integration is a public-private partnership (PPP). The paper compares the principles of PPP both in Ukraine and foreign countries and singles out its main forms used at the present stage. A prospect for further research in the field of formation of an effective university-business partnership is the development of partnership risk management approaches, which is due to the fact that the basis of the interaction is the effective distribution of risks and profits between partners. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2019
Davydov D. S., Riabovol D. A.
Innovation in the Sphere of Augmented and Virtual Reality Technologies in EU Member States and Other Countries of the World (p. 5 - 11)
Problems and prospects for the application of innovative technologies of augmented and virtual reality (AR / VR) in various business areas are considered. The main trends in and features of the formation of technological and business base for creating products in the field of AR / VR for mass use in production and customer service are highlighted. The key participants in the global market for devices and applications in this sector as well as all options for their using at the present time are listed. The areas of practical application of the existing solutions are shown, the positive and negative factors are revealed. The features of various segments of wearable devices (Microsoft HoloLens) as well as mobile applications (ZapBox) are analyzed. The necessity for further development and implementation of AR technologies against the background of increasing digitalization processes and automation of production processes in the context of Industry 4.0 is justified. Article is written in English
Kozub V. O., Chernyshova L. A., Plish I. M.
Features of the Evolutionary Development of Business Models for International Companies (p. 12 - 19)
The aim of the article is a theoretical study of the essence, evolution and classification of business models for international companies depending on the business processes used. The concepts “business” and “model” are considered. The scientific provisions regarding the understanding of the essence of “business model” are generalized. A business model is proposed to be viewed as a simplified reflection of the mechanism for conducting a certain economic activity related to the manufacturing of products (selling goods, rendering services, performing works) which are valuable to consumers and ensure profit. The key elements of a business model for an international company are presented. The differences between a company’s business model and its strategy are highlighted. Options for applying business models for international companies in practice are presented. A theoretical study of the evolution of an international company’s business processes is carried out. The existence of several classification approaches to the formation of a business model for an international company based on an analysis of scientific research in the field of business modeling is noted. There proposed a classification of types of business models for international companies based on the following criteria: direction of business development, functional area, degree of openness of the business model. The methodological approaches to building a business model of an international company are systematized. The features, advantages and disadvantages of the production-oriented and client-oriented basic business models are characterized. Moreover, business models for an international company based on the functional area and the scale of funds invested to support it are described. There defined new directions for the formation of business models based on the development of modern information technologies, ensuring the creation of new competitive advantages for international companies in the market. The criteria allowing domestic companies to build an efficient, modern business model are given. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2019
Dankevych V. Y., Dankevych Y. M., Sheheda O. V.
Influence of Globalization of the Economy on the Formation of Land Relations in Agriculture (p. 5 - 14)
The aim of the article is to study the influence of economic globalization on the formation of land relations in agriculture. It is substantiated that globalization of the economy is a multidimensional process which covers all spheres of public life and fundamentally changes the principles and nature of production as well as the specifics of land use. It is proved that the influence of global challenges on the economic, technological and economic features of the use of agricultural land is not only significant now but also has a tendency to increase. Globalization is manifested in the agrarian sector of the economy to the greatest extent through the intensification of production, development of a bioeconomy, introduction of elements of precision agriculture, use of geographic information systems, capitalization of agricultural production and monopolization of rental relations, application of a rotational system in the implementation of basic business processes. Monitoring the use of agricultural land, based on the example of five regions of the world (Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America), made it possible to identify the main modern trends in the development of land relations: intensification of land use, increase in the area of agricultural land used for technically challenging energy-intensive crops, shift in the geographical boundaries of agricultural areas, expansion of regions with irrigated agriculture, use of grains and oilseeds as alternative energy sources, increase of land banks by agrarian holdings, introduction of innovative systems for managing the state of crops. Practical recommendations on the adaptation of land users to modern global challenges are proposed. It is substantiated that, in accordance with the provisions of the globalization theory of land relations, solving the problems of providing the population with food and industry with raw materials is possible both through internal transformations of the existing land resources and the process of buying and selling agricultural land on world markets. Article is written in Ukrainian
Levanda O. M.
Comparative Analysis of the Approaches to Living Standards: Ukraine and Poland (p. 15 - 24)
The aim of the article is to identify the main directions to improve the regulatory framework for ensuring the living standard of Ukraine’s population. The approaches to the assessment of the living standard in Ukraine and Poland are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methodology for determining the living standard of the population are revealed. It is established that the Polish consumer basket includes four minimum consumption categories, namely: subsistence minimum, social minimum, social protection floor, family income support. In Ukraine, there is one category of consumption norms – the subsistence minimum without actual costs. As a result, the legislatively established normative living standard lags behind the actual needs of various groups of the population. It is substantiated that the minimum consumption categories in Poland guarantee a person the satisfaction of basic needs both at the constitutional and legislative levels. In Ukraine, the normative living standard is at the level of the poverty line and thus results in excluding part of the population from the accepted standard of living in the society. The shortcomings of the Polish legislation include: term of approval of state social guarantees; threshold value of the indexation of monetary incomes of the population; methodology for measuring the differentiation of living standards. The article presents proposals for the realignment of the measurement of the living standards, target group, and coverage of the population in need of social assistance, with selecting determination criteria close to the EU standards. Article is written in Ukrainian
Yanenkova I. G.
Identifying the Areas of the Most Effective Use of Digital Technologies (p. 25 - 30)
Based on summarizing international expert forecasts, the main trends in digitalization by technology sectors for 2019-2020 are identified. Among them there are the industrial Internet of things, immersive technologies, artificial intelligence, blockchain, etc. It is proved that digitalization of the economy in Ukraine is not due to existing relevant strategies and programs, like in most foreign countries, but despite of their absence. The features of the digitalization process in Ukraine are analyzed with an emphasis on the technological segments of Industry 4.0. There made conclusions about Ukraine’s increasing lag behind other countries of the world in terms of the progress in digitalization of the economy due to the lack of relevant government policies and weakness of the domestic market for industrial innovative developments. Recommendations for governmental and non-governmental structures regarding the acceleration of the pace of digital adoption in Ukraine are developed. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2019
Serpukhov M. Y.
Methodological Approach to Evaluating the Potential of Under-Served Markets within the Framework of Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement (p. 5 - 10)
The article analyzes the state of mutual trade between Ukraine and Canada before and after their entering into Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement. The results of the operation of the free trade zone between Ukraine and Canada in terms of commodity groups and trade relations between the countries are analyzed. A study of the import structure of Canada and the export opportunities of Ukraine is carried out. Using statistical data, the results of testing a methodological approach to evaluating the potential of under-served markets within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement are presented. A methodological approach that allows to assess different aspects of the impact of free trade on the country’s export activity is proposed and commodity items that have a potential for growth in the bilateral trade are determined. Conclusions on the intensification of trade between the countries are drawn; proposals for improving the export structure of Ukraine are presented; commodity groups due to which Ukrainian producers can increase a potential for export growth are identified. Article is written in English
Khaustova V. Y., Reshetnyak O. I.
Research on the State of Science and Trends in its Development in Countries of the World and Ukraine (p. 11 - 22)
The aim of the article is to study the state of the scientific sphere and trends in its development in countries of the world and Ukraine and to determine the directions of the science reform that the Ukrainian economy needs. Based on the methods of logical, statistical, graphical and correlation analysis, the paper examines the state of the scientific sphere and trends in its development in Ukraine in comparison with the world trends. The article studies the behavior of the main indicators characterizing scientific activities of countries of the world, namely: costs of funding scientific (scientific and technical) works, share of expenditures on funding scientific (scientific and technical) works in the GDP, structure of funding, share of executors of scientific (scientific and technical) works in the total population of the country, number of applications and patents, number of scientific publications. The carried out analysis showed that the current state of and trends in the development of the scientific sphere in Ukraine, the level of its technological and innovative advancement testify to their inconsistency with the global transformational economic processes that have been occurring in recent decades, which indicates a high likelihood of Ukraine’s impossibility of keeping pace with the international scientific, technological and innovative progress. Moreover, the existence of a significant direct correlation between the level of GDP per capita of countries of the world and the indicators characterizing development of the scientific sphere is determined. It is concluded that the economic status of the country can be improved by ensuring development of science. The study allows to argue that the Ukrainian scientific sphere requires an immediate reform in order to ensure efficient economic growth. This process should be centered around determining the priorities of economic growth, based on the development of the scientific potential of the country, and aimed at creating conditions for the transition to an innovation economy. The directions for reforming the scientific sphere in Ukraine are proposed. Article is written in Ukrainian
Shlapak A. V.
The US Network Innovation Model (p. 23 - 28)
The aim of the article is to study the latest network models of R & D of TNCs, which appeared as a result of the internationalization of their activities and the intensification of competition in world markets. The role of innovation ventures in the processes of scientific and technological progress in the United States is determined. American corporate business structures, being the undisputed world leaders in terms of cost of investing in R&D and effectiveness of the development of financial resources for its implementation, concentrating in their innovation activities on the mass introduction of pioneering technologies into production and their commercialization, have become the main engine of global scientific, technical and innovation progress and interstate transfer of high technologies in recent decades. The competitive struggle of American TNCs for global technological leadership is analyzed, and the diversification of the global consumer needs for new samples of innovation-intensive products is increasingly motivating American TNCs for profound qualitative changes in the innovation management system. They are manifested in the gradual shifting of corporations from the traditional centralized model of organizing their R & D to the development of a network model of research and development implying wider use by corporations of complex international specialization in R & D with deep integration of innovative activities throughout the corporate structure. The current conditions of technoglobalism significantly aggravate the competition among companies for dominance in the high-tech segment of the global market, creating powerful incentives for trading in technologies and innovative developments, implementing corporate integration strategies and deepening international scientific and technological cooperation based on the principles of strategic partnership and co-opetition. At the same time, the development of strategic inter-corporate relations in the field of science and technology is considered by corporations as a rational alternative to mergers and acquisitions. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2019
Bolkvadze N. I.
Theoretical Concepts of the Formation of the Electricity Exchange in the Process of Liberalization of the Energy Sector in the World’s Countries (p. 6 - 13)
The aim of the article is to study the theoretical concepts of the development and formation of electricity exchanges in the process of the energy sector liberalization as a necessary component of transformation of the global economy. The article analyzes the evolution of the formation of exchange markets in the global economy and identifies the processes that led to the appearance of a particular product on exchanges. The liberalization of the global energy market and its influence on further development of exchange trade are studied. Modern microeconomic theories are considered, in particular, theory of market structures, mechanism design theory, theory of industrial organization and auction theory, to confirm the laws governing the formation of electricity exchanges in the process of liberalization of this sphere. The paper identifies six successive stages of the transformation of electricity markets, which reflect the transition from monopoly to competitive electricity exchange markets: 1) industrialization and urbanization; 2) globalization; 3) monopolization and centralization of energy supply; 4) reorganization of the electricity market through transition from monopoly to competitive markets; 5) liberalization; 6) acquisition by electricity of characteristics of exchange goods. Article is written in Ukrainian
Dogadina V. Y.
Features of the Functioning of the Modern Educational Services Market (p. 14 - 20)
The main directions in the functioning of the modern market for educational services are identified based on the analysis of trends and factors determining changes in their specific characteristics. The features of the functioning of the modern educational services market are analyzed, the main trends are revealed, the key problems are identified. It is established that, at the present stage, an especially important factor in social and economic development is investing in education since this is the most effective means for carrying out social changes that can ensure a stable economic progress. It is found that the directions and trends in the development of the educational services market in each country are defined by the strategy, specific priorities and goals. It is determined that in the context of the transition to e-commerce and the digital economy, the performance by education of the functions of a special mechanism for transforming the economy requires improving the efficiency and quality of educational services. It is established that, over the following decade, when the financing of educational services in Ukraine is becoming more stringent, and educational policy is being used as a political lever, educational institutions with limited funds tend to use commercialized methods to promote their service offerings with greater intensity. This suggests that people will face many options when choosing an education service, which means that the probability of making nonoptimal choices will simultaneously grow. Based on the results obtained and using effective training technologies, the main trends in the development of the educational services market are determined. The modern prerequisites for the emergence and implementation of innovative teaching methods are considered. The practices of rendering educational services that meet current principles of quality education, prepare for changes and provide flexibility are described. It is concluded that the processes of globalization and the formation of the knowledge economy significantly affect the functioning of the educational services market and the structure of the labor market, thereby increasing the dependence of effective professional activity of a person and his/her successful employment on the level and quality of education. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the formation of relevant competencies and skills and the reorientation of educational services in order to meet the requirements of the digital economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kikot O. Y.
Heuristic Evaluation of Sufficiency of the Gas Reserves Accumulated in the European Storage Facilities for the Period of Autumn-Winter 2019/2020. (p. 21 - 32)
The research objective is to evaluate sufficiency of the gas reserves accumulated in the European storage facilities for the period of autumn-winter 2019/2020. The research found that the capacity of the European storage facilities and the accumulated gas reserves they held as of 31.10.2019 are sufficient to ensure uninterrupted supply of gas to the European consumers during the period of autumn-winter 2019/2020, even if long-term force majeure circumstances occur. This finding is supported by the observations regarding: the behavior of the major energy companies on the gas market; analysis of three scenarios of the European gas market developments (average, worst and extremely negative seasons) based on the historic data; achieving a balance of the consumption and supply of gas on the European market; achieving a balance of the consumption and supply of gas on the Ukrainian market. The research results help better understand the role of the European storage facilities in the European gas market and identify the role of the Ukrainian gas storage facilities and natural gas transmission system in providing Europe with gas. They also allow evaluating capabilities of the European and Ukrainian gas storage facilities to balance seasonal fluctuations in the consumption and supply of gas on the European market and to hold sufficient volume of the insurance reserves in case the long-term force majeure circumstances occur. This paper adds important information to the existing analytical reports that study the negotiation positions and the development of the negotiations between Gazprom and Naftogaz regarding conditions of the gas transit through Ukraine to Europe. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2020
Нaponenko H. I., Vasylenko A. V.
Over- and Under-tourism as Interconnected Phenomena of the Modern Globalizing World (p. 6 - 12)
Today, international tourism, under the influence of globalization, demonstrates dynamic pace of development and is becoming one of the most significant factors in the advancement of countries. The ability to travel is one of the features of modern society. Thus, tourism becomes part of people’s lives, thereby forming many socio-economic, environmental, cultural and other problems. Therefore, issues related to over-saturation of destinations and lack of tourists in less popular places are of high relevance and require studying and solving. The subject of this article is the coexistence of over-tourism and under-tourism in the world and, in particular, in Ukraine. The aim of the study is to consider the trends in the development of over-tourism and under-tourism in the world and to determine the ways of their development. Tasks: covering the main problems (over-saturation of destinations) and prospects (attracting tourists to less popular holiday destinations) of the development of modern tourist trends; formulating a strategy for using international experience to promote trips to places that are an alternative to well-known tourist destinations. The article uses analytical, comparative and other research methods. Results of the study: the main trends in the development of the phenomena of over-saturation of destinations and under-tourism in the world and, in particular, in Ukraine, their impact on the national economy and ways to attract more tourists to our country are identified. Conclusion: due to the study of the experience of various countries of the world, the directions that can be used to solve the problems of over-tourism and the spread of under-tourism as its alternative are outlined. Article is written in Ukrainian
Hubarieva I. O., Yaroshenko I. V.
Assessment of the Competitiveness of the Timber Processing Complex of Ukraine and the EU (p. 13 - 19)
The competitiveness of the timber processing complex (TPC) of Ukraine is the aggregate competitiveness of such sectors as: manufacture of wood and products of wood; manufacture of paper and paper products; manufacture of furniture. It is proposed to assess the competitiveness of the three types of economic activities (manufacture of wood and products of wood; manufacture of paper and paper products; manufacture of furniture), which are part of the processing industry and determine the level of development and effectiveness of the functioning of the TPC as a whole and the timber processing complex of Ukraine and the EU in particular. In the article, a block scheme to study competitiveness of the timber processing complex of a country is developed. The presented scheme implies assessment of such competitiveness parameters as: level of gross value added of production; material consumption of production; energy intensity of production; and import dependence of the domestic market, which allows determining both the composite quantitative characteristic of the phenomenon under study and its components in order to identify the existing problems. An integral assessment of the competitiveness of the TPC of Ukraine and the EU countries by economic activities is carried out. Based on the results obtained, Ukraine takes the 22nd place among the 25 countries studied. Clustering of the EU countries including Ukraine is carried out according to the value of composite indicators for assessing the competitiveness of certain economic activities of the TPC using the k-means method. Ukraine entered the cluster that is characterized by a low level of competitiveness of certain economic activities of the TPC. Article is written in Ukrainian
Dolbneva D. V.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the World’s Economies (p. 20 - 26)
The aim of the article is to study the degree of and trends in the impact of COVID-19 on the economic situation in the world and determine the socio-economic losses that Ukraine will suffer from the pandemic of this disease. In the course of the study, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the trends in the development of the global economy is examined. The main consequences of COVID-19 for the global economy that have already manifested themselves are: a fall in exchange indices; a significant decrease in oil prices and a slowdown in the development of the metal market; a reduction in production volumes; a significant decrease in revenue of airlines and maritime transport, shopping and entertainment centers, the tourism industry; a decrease in the population’s incomes; a growth in revenues of the pharmaceutical industry and the global industry of gaming, educational and other online applications; an increased investor demand for less risky assets. In this situation, the growth rate of the world economy is already decreasing (from 2.5 % to 0.6 %). In 2020, at the global level, the economic situation will be close to a recession, the losses of the world economy can reach USD2.7 trillion. For the Ukrainian economy, the crisis caused by the spread of COVID-19 is especially dangerous and can significantly shake the country’s financial and economic status: official employment and real GDP will fall, the corporate sector will suffer significant losses, the chances for a successful placement of Eurobonds will decrease, foreign investment inflow will decrease, and the national currency will become cheaper. Under the optimistic scenario, in 2020, the decline in Ukraine’s economy due to the spread of COVID-19 will amount to 4–5 % of GDP; under a worst-case scenario, 9–10 %. All of the above indicates the need for making informed decisions by the governments of the world and local authorities, which, in close cooperation with leading experts, the corporate sector and the population, should pursue an effective socio-economic policy both during the quarantine and within the next months after its completion. The prospects for further research are to analyze the economic consequences of the quarantine, the losses of the world economy after overcoming coronavirus disease, and real measures that have been taken to stabilize the financial and economic situation at the micro and macro levels. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kalyuzhna N. H.
International Trade Integration of Ukraine in the Context of Deepening Interstate Conflicts (p. 27 - 35)
The aim of the article is a retrospective analysis of Ukraine’s international trade in goods in the context of deepening interstate economic contradictions and active use of discriminatory tools of international trade policy. A complication of the processes of regional integration of countries due to the intensification of anti-globalization trends in international economic relations is noted. The necessity of studying the integration priorities of Ukraine’s international trade under conditions of intensification of interstate contradictions concerning foreign policy and economic issues is substantiated. A retrospective analysis of the absolute (volume of trade in general and with individual groups of countries) and relative (share of trade with individual groups of countries in the overall structure of trade) indicators of Ukraine’s international trade in goods with countries of Europe and the CIS is carried out. A negative impact of introducing by Russia and Ukraine a system of mutual economic sanctions on the commodity circulation of the state in general and with individual groups of countries is revealed. The hypothesis about the existence of a steady negative trend in the behavior of the absolute and relative indicators of Ukraine’s international trade in goods with the CIS countries is confirmed. The study did not reveal a steady trend towards an increase in the indicators of international trade of Ukraine with European countries in absolute terms. It is proved that the international trade integration of Ukraine into the European space requires a balanced trade policy in order to prevent further escalation of interstate trade conflicts. Prospects for further research in this area are to provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of discriminatory measures on the national economy and develop recommendations on the formation of Ukraine’s integration priorities based on effective interaction with the European and world economic space. Article is written in Ukrainian
Omelyanenko V. A.
Conceptual Foundations of a Scientific and Methodological Approach to Geopolitical Analysis of International Innovation and Technology Cooperation (p. 36 - 42)
The aim of the study is to analyze international projects for innovation cooperation in terms of criterion of technology transfer and risks of international cooperation as part of geo-economic game. To solve the research problems, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, historical and logical, systemic, structural and functional analysis are used. For designing an innovation strategy, among the innovative methods the study uses imitation institutional and evolutionary modeling to maximize the effects of synergy in the public management space and a systems approach to its construction. It is possible to solve the research task through using elements of the geo-economic game methodology, which will combine (i) understanding of international relations as a struggle among states for influence, the result of which depends on their capabilities conditioned by the quantity and quality of available resources, and (ii) the main elements of international innovation management. The author analyzes the basic trends in modern geo-economic strategies and identifies the main aspects of their impact on the implementation of international innovation projects. Using a number of examples of the international technology transfer (the space sector, resource extraction), the main risks of the lack of own geo-economic strategies are identified, and recommendations to increase the effectiveness of participation in international relations are made. In view of the current global problems, the theoretical approaches to innovation policy defined in the study allow for getting a new angle on the relationship between the geo-economic game, national strategy, technologies and key problems of world politics and international relations. In further studies, it is necessary to develop practical tools for evaluating innovative strategies, taking into account the criteria of the game theory and the principles of geo-economic competition. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khaustova V. Y., Reshetnyak O. I.
The Impact of Training Highly Qualified Personnel on Scientific and Economic Development (p. 43 - 51)
The aim of the study is to determine the impact of training highly qualified personnel on scientific and economic development. To achieve the goal of the study, the methods of logical, statistical, correlation analysis, as well as the matrix approach to positioning countries of the world are used. The article puts forward and proves the hypothesis of a significant positive impact of indicators characterizing the level of training highly qualified personnel on indicators characterizing the condition of scientific sphere and scientific results, as well as economic results of the country for selected advanced nations of the world successfully implementing an innovative model of economic development. For Ukraine, the hypothesis is not confirmed. The results of the correlation analysis of indicators in absolute measurement show that an increase in the number of people with a master’s and doctoral degree has a positive effect, contributing to an increase in the number of researchers, the number of articles in scientific and technical journals, the level of GDP, and research and development expenses. The average positive effect of the number of population with a doctoral degree on the number of patent applications of the corresponding country at the level of high-tech exports and the low positive effect of the population with a master’s degree on the number of patent applications of the corresponding country at the level of high-tech exports are revealed. The results of Ukraine’s positioning relative to other countries of the world, based on the matrix approach, demonstrate that in the plane of coordinates of the number of people who have a master’s and doctoral degree and indicators characterizing the level of economic and scientific development our country is in quadrants that characterize a low level of chances in economic and scientific development. This makes it necessary to improve the system of training highly qualified personnel. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2020
Bakaiev L. O., Bakaieva I. G.
Merchandise Export of Ukraine to Eastern Europe: Constant Market Share Analysis (p. 7 - 16)
The aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of the market share of Ukrainian merchandise exports in world exports in the period 2013–2018, in accordance with Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) and the classification of countries of Eastern Europe developed by UNCTAD. The evolution of the Ukrainian export market share is analyzed using the constant market share methodology proposed by A. Nyssens and G. Poullet. The changes in the Ukrainian export market share under the influence of competitiveness factors (commodity and geographical effects of the market share) as well as the changes in the commodity and geographical structure of goods export (commodity and geographical structure effects) are calculated. For the analysis, the study uses the data for 2013–2018, which are divided into six periods (2013–2014, 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2013–2018) by averaging the corresponding annual results. The total share of Ukraine in world exports during the period 2013-2018 was declining annually by 4.9 %. The first three periods are characterized by a significant drop in the market share by an average of 10.9 % per year. But in the period 2017–2018 the growth rate of merchandise exports of Ukraine was lower than the growth rate of world merchandise exports, which led to a negative value of the overall effect (-0.9 %). In 2013–2018, the market share effect (MSE), with an average annual decrease (-4.2 %), was the dominant factor influencing the changes in the total market share (-4.9 %). The contribution of the combined structure effect (CSE) was on average negative for the period 2014–2018 (-0.7 %). In the period 2017–2018, a drop in overall effect was associated with CSE (-2.7 %). The combined effect of the commodity and geographical structure of Ukrainian merchandise exports was negative in the period 2017–2018 (-2.7 %), in particular, due to the adverse influence of the predominantly product structure effect (-3.5 %) and the positive effect of the geographical structure effect (1.3 %). Article is written in Ukrainian
Grafska O. I.
Modern Challenges for and Megatrends in the Development of the Tourism and Recreation Sphere (p. 17 - 23)
Global trends in and challenges for the socio-economic development, globalization, integration and service processes are characterized by high dynamism of their effect on all spheres of economic activity. Therefore, without a preventive response to external influences, effective development of the economic system of countries will be hindered. This is especially true for the tourism and recreation sector, which is international in nature and interconnected with global megatrends and economic development cycles of society. The aim of the study is to identify contemporary challenges for and megatrends in the development of the tourism and recreation sphere as determinants of the formation and use of the tourism potential of Ukraine. It is established that the need to focus on the main global trends in and challenges for the development of the tourism and recreation sector is especially important today to justify a balanced policy and mechanisms for surmounting the crisis in the domestic tourism sector as well as to identify additional opportunities and prerequisites for building the potential of the tourism and recreation sector in territorial communities and national socio-economic space as a whole. The study reveals the effect of urbanization, as a megatrend in socio-economic development, on the tourist and recreation sphere, namely, that it leads to excessive tourism, i.e., an increase in tourist flows. It is proved that today new information technologies are widely used in international tourism, which is an example for applying such technologies in domestic practice. The effect of virtual networks as modern global trends in the international tourism services market is characterized. The influence of COVID-19 processes on the tourism industry is investigated, and the main problems that the tourism industry is facing today are identified. The ways for overcoming the current crisis are proposed. It is found that the coronavirus pandemic has an impact not only on the tourism and recreation sector but also on the global economy as a whole. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kryvych Y. M., Bosak I. L.
The World Practice of Restoring Confidence in the Financial Sector of a Country (p. 24 - 29)
The aim of the work is a thorough consideration and analysis of the world practice of restoring confidence in financial markets after the crisis of 2008–2009, identification of the features of implementing anti-crisis measures aimed at restoring confidence in banks, in particular, central banks and the financial sector as a whole. The global financial and economic crisis has affected the development of the banking systems and the economies of many developed countries. The central banks of different countries had to adequately respond to threats of globalization processes. They tried to solve the existing problems as quickly as possible by implementing the anti-recessionary policy, in particular, aimed at restoring confidence in the financial sector of the country. Confidence in the banking system is a key element in the growth and development of the financial system and the economy of an individual country as a whole. In the research literature, the issue of the global financial and economic crisis is highlighted in a number of publications, which present a detailed consideration of the essence of the crisis, its consequences and also indicate certain directions for overcoming it. A large number of both foreign and domestic scientists studied the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2008. The practices of crisis management in developed countries were examined by G. Shamborovskyi, N. Kozii, S. Hasanov, A. Buryak. The monetary policy of European countries was investigated by T. Stechishyn, A. Ruda, S. Radchich. The analysis of these studies and publications shows the inconsistency of views on implementing the monetary policy during the crisis and restoring customer confidence after it. Article is written in Ukrainian
Maksymenko A. O.
Integration of Clothing and Footwear Manufacturers into Global Value Chains: International Practices (p. 30 - 38)
The article deals with studying the transformations in consumer-driven value chains, using the example of clothing and footwear manufacturers. It is noted that the production of ready-made clothes in the value chain includes several stages: pre-production, or production of fabrics and components (Original Equipment Manufacturer, or OEM); fabrication of clothes (Cut, Make and Trim, or CMT); design (Original Design Manufacturer, or ODM); supply, marketing and sales (Original Brand Manufacturer, or OBM). Each stage differs in terms of technological level and added value. The practices of Turkey, Pakistan, and Albania concerning the integration of textile enterprises, manufacturers of ready-made clothes and footwear into global value chains are analyzed. It is concluded that the entry into global value chains begins at the lowest stage (drafting, assemblage, fabrication). The process of integration into this chain is possible if the company is competitive in terms of delivery time, flexibility (the ability to produce small batches, quickly respond to market changes), and productivity. The need for state support (industry development strategy, formation of clusters and industrial parks, attraction of foreign direct investment) and participation in various international trade transactions is noted. Participating in the CMT stage in the short term is positive as regards offering jobs, and in the long term it can encourage enterprises to develop and sell final products in the domestic market. Market entry barriers are increasing with each next stage in the value chain. Moving up the stages in the value chain requires investing in technologies and human resources, establishing cooperation with educational and research institutions, building ties with enterprises of the industry they are engaged in and related ones. Article is written in Ukrainian
Poliakova O. Y., Khaustova V. Y.
Analysis of Trends in the Development of Rural Areas and the Agro-Industrial Complex in EU Countries and Ukraine (p. 39 - 54)
The aim of the article is to identify trends in the development of rural areas and the agro-industrial complex in EU countries and Ukraine. In view of this, the study analyzes: rate of rural population growth (loss) in EU countries and Ukraine; increase in the level of urbanization in EU countries and Ukraine; changes in the structure of the population of EU countries by the level of urbanization; changes in the ratio of urban and rural population in EU countries over time; employment rate in the EU;share of people employed in agriculture; share of agriculture, forestry and fish farming in the GDP of EU countries and Ukraine; distribution of EU countries by gross added value of agriculture; distribution of agricultural enterprises of EU countries by types of agricultural production; land use for growing crops in EU countries; structure of production by areas of agriculture in EU countries; cost structure of crop and livestock production in EU countries; structure of agricultural enterprises (farms) in EU countries by the amount of land used.Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that, in general, rural areas and the agricultural sector of more developed EU countries are characterized by problems of population aging, environmental problems of land and water resources, and uneven development across their regions. For the countries that joined the EU in 2004-2007, the problems of rural areas are associated with the underdeveloped infrastructure(including the service sector), population aging, large number of very small farms that need assistance, and outflow of labor force from rural areas, etc.It is determined that the problemscommon for EU countries and Ukraine are depopulation and population aging; depopulation in remote areas; unsatisfactory condition of the basic infrastructure; low competitiveness of very small agricultural producers; small number of young farmers; as a rule, low qualificationsof the labor force and poor provision with equipment of very small and small farms; significant environmental impact. Article is written in Ukrainian
Sytnik N. I.
Instruments of State Support for the Startup Ecosystem: Experience of Central and Eastern Europe (p. 55 - 62)
The article deals with analyzing the practices of state support for the startup ecosystem in countries of Central and Eastern Europe using the example of Poland, Estonia, Belarus, and Hungary. These countries have indicators of startup ecosystem development similar to those of Ukraine. However, they are characterized by significant government participation in the formation of the national startup sector. In recent years, Ukraine has made progress in developing its startup ecosystem, but the role of the state in this process remains minimal. The aim of the article is to study the level of development of national start-up ecosystems in countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as instruments of state support for ecosystems in this region, which can be used by Ukraine to stimulate the development of its national start-up industry. The article provides a comparative analysis of Ukraine with other countries of Eastern Europe according to rankings of startup ecosystems, competitiveness and innovativeness of the economy, business conditions, and level of education. It is established that Ukraine has high positions in the rankings of start-up ecosystems. However, it lags behind other countries of the region in rankings of national economies. In most countries of Eastern Europe, the state is an important agent of the startup ecosystem. Using the examples of Estonia, Poland, Hungary, and Belarus, the instruments of state stimulation of start-ups are studied. They are developed, as a rule, as part of strategic programs for digitalization of the country, development of innovative entrepreneurship and high-tech industries. The article identifies the priority areas of state support for start-up ecosystems in these countries, namely, legislative initiatives aimed at liberalization of the conditions of activities of new entrepreneurial structures; public investment; development of human resources; creation of competence centers; media and event management. Article is written in Ukrainian
Skarha O. O.
Transnationalisation of the Travel Services Market at the Globalization Stage: Conceptual and Organizational Aspects (p. 63 - 70)
The aim of the article is to identify the content-related and conceptual bases of the transnationalisation of the travel services market at the stage of globalization of world economic relations. The factors of internationalization of the service sector are considered. The general structure of the international travel services market is analyzed.The article highlights the prerequisites for the transnationalisation of the tourism services market (international tourism is the cross-border movement of consumers of travel services; calculating profits from international tourism has specific features; the travel industry provides a quick economic effect and requires participation of a large amount of labor, the spending of foreign tourists in a host country have a threefold effect on its economy).The main forms of activities of TNCs in the field of travel services (duplication of a business model; multilocal strategy; global strategy; transnational strategy) are considered. There proposed a definition of transnationalisation of the travel services market, which considers it as the process of concentration of production in the field of international tourism in the administrative and legal, innovation and investment, spatial and territorial, socio-economic dimensions through the formation of transnational tourism companies that create a new competitive environment in the international travel services market through implementing a range of activities of a strategic, current, organizational nature.A conceptual scheme for the transnationalisation of the travel services market is developed. Within the presented framework, a system of measures to develop the process of transnationalisation of the travel services market is elaborated, the results of transnationalisationof the tourism services market are identified (equalization of the quality of life in countries participating in international cooperation in the tourism sector; intensification of economic activities of peripheral territories; diversification of development of the international services sector, etc.). Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2020
Vashai Y. V., Zhemba A. Y.
International Systems for Assessing the Economic Security of a State: Some Integrated Approaches (p. 4 - 10)
The article is dedicated to analyzing the international approaches to assessing the state of economic security at the state level and countries’ place in the world economic ratings. The urgency of the topic lies in the fact that the methods of world rating agencies, which rank countries in certain economic spheres based on a set of economic indices, are becoming more and more widely used in macroeconomic analysis. This affects their investment attractiveness and requires scientific analysis to carry out economic security management. The article aims at studying the complex global methods of assessing economic security in order to see, whether it is possible to apply them for macroeconomic analysis in Ukraine. The article systematizes the approaches to the economic security analysis in terms of their main schools and fundamental provisions. Peculiarities of measuring global economic indices have been determined, their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed. The authors have come to conclusion that narrow assessment of the state economic security, by a single aggregate index only, does not provide valuable macroeconomic analysis. International practice shows that using indices, which are based solely on financial analytical data, is only appropriate for assessing a country’s creditworthiness and financial stability, but is insufficient for internal management. If we consider economic security as a part of national security, then the connection between economic and national security becomes one of a hierarchical nature. However, nowadays, when the social and political ties become more and more complicated, economic and national security can be considered as identical concepts, given that economic context is present in almost all areas of national security. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zinchuk T. O., Usiuk T. V.
Green Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Development and the Challenges Posed by the Global Economic Crisis (p. 11 - 17)
The articles aims to substantiate the socio-economic, environmental, historical and cultural role played by green tourism and its contribution to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals based on current innovative trends and capabilities of tourism in the face of challenges posed by the ongoing crisis in global economy caused by the latest pandemic. The objectives of the research were to detail the theoretical, methodological and applied approaches to the development of green tourism, which is a market sector providing travel services. The definition of green tourism has been made more profound through connecting it with the Sustainable Development Goals, which is rather logical. The motivating factors for the development of green tourism have been analyzed taking into account the model of multifunctionality in agriculture and its importance in rural development policy. The nature of changes in the green tourism sector has been identified with respect to the peculiarities of the current global situation, when a pandemic is restraining the world tourism intensity, on the one hand, and is stimulating local tourism, on the other. It is worth adding that local tourism is mostly green and focused on the conservation of the environmental and natural resources, as well as sustainment of mostly rural areas. The research carried out shows that green tourism can become a driving force for economic growth in rural areas, a motivator for employment, a factor in preserving rural culture and traditions in a particular area. At the same time, the results of the research prove the existence of a link between green tourism and national economic, environmental, socio-cultural, intellectual, energy security due to the most typical development priorities of such tourism. On analyzing the experience of the countries that suffered the pandemic most, we have found some prospects for green tourism development. It is a new system of partnership between the state, business and civil society which can become an additional incentive to preserve the potential of green tourism. Thus, strategic guidelines for green tourism development based on institutional priorities, with the current economic crisis challenges in mind, have been designed. Article is written in Ukrainian
Prianyshnykova M. V., Hudenko O. D.
Corona-test of the Real Economy and Financial and Economic Imperatives to Overcome the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic (p. 18 - 24)
The article aims at highlighting the financial and economic imperatives and semantics of the practical ways for overcoming the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by country, and finding capabilities for their implementation in Ukraine, taking into account the corona test results of the real economy expressed in the national measures of sustainable and comprehensive development, traditionally taken as a whole. The state of institutional and sectoral units of the real sector of economy during the COVID-19 global pandemic has been analyzed. The key factors of the negative impact on economic sustainability have been systematized based on the criterial invariance of the quantitative and qualitative indices of the production, logistics, labor availability (saving) and bankruptcy parameters. The research results in suggesting two types of measures to overcome the pandemic effects: the first one is at the enterprise level, and the second one is at the state level. The first group should include the companies’ strategy decomposition, e.g. reducing costs, restructuring activities, diversifying production to meet the domestic market needs, supporting employees’ mobility and engagement in remote work (online operation). The second group should include deferring tax payments, providing assistance (support) to enterprises and employees, state guarantees on loans, interest-free loans, one-time financial help, one-time grants for certain sectors, which are among the most sensitive ones to the COVID-19 pandemic effects. A critical analysis of the best practices in overcoming the pandemic effects in such countries as France, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Turkey, Japan, China, South Korea and others has been carried out. Possible ways of their application in Ukraine have been offered. Article is written in English
Raкhman M. S., Sokyrko B. M.
ASEAN Member States in the Focus of Ukraine’s Priority Markets (p. 25 - 33)
The ASEAN member states have very different levels of economic development, population, and area, but the Association is quite successful and has become an important player in the international arena, influencing global economy and policy. The purpose of the article is to analyze the macroeconomic indicators and trends in the foreign and domestic trade of the ASEAN member states, as well as to study the courses of developing cooperation with Ukraine for the organization, in general, and for each member state, in particular. The article suggests draft recommendations on the association’s further development and on the priority of this market for Ukraine. The composition, main goals and areas of cooperation between the ASEAN member states have been outlined. The role and position of the Association’s individual member states has been described. The main macroeconomic indicators of the ASEAN member states have been analyzed, namely: the population size and the occupational patterns for individual countries; trends for the GDP (in total and per country); the structure and evolution of trade relations; the Extra- and Intra-exports structure; the export and import structure and regional pattern of the ASEAN trade. The export-import turnover between the ASEAN member states and Ukraine has been assessed in terms of its commodity composition. A prognostic model of the GDP growth rate has been developed. The PEST analysis carried out has resulted in identifying the economic, political, technological and social factors which caused the creation of the association. A number of measures designed for improving cooperation between the ASEAN member states and Ukraine have been provided. The authors come to conclusion that the volume of trade between the member states within the Association, on the one hand, and between the member states and other countries outside the Association, including Ukraine, on the other hand, has increased. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2020
Kuklin O. V., Pustoviit R. F., Kryvoruchko M. Y.
Economic Primitivization as an Institutional Challenge Thrown by the European Integration Processes (p. 5 - 11)
The article deals with the economic primitivization issue in the context of European integration. Economic primitivization is seen as a process of substituting high value-added economic activities for low value-added activities. The results of the study show that the economic primitivization issue has been widely covered in the works of the Norwegian scientist E. Reinert, who is in opposition to the neoclassical "mainstream" in economics. For example, the scientist recenses the theory of comparative advantage as the basis for the international specialization of a country, citing the negative experience of European countries, which, when participating in the European integration process, faced the problem of decline in their traditional industries (especially heavy industry). Having studied analytical reports on the research of the competitiveness of the EU and its regions, the author found out that the neoclassical approach to regional competitiveness requires expansion, which can be achieved by combining neoclassical competitiveness factors (the ability of firms to use resources efficiently and increase productivity) with such factors as the wage rate growth and creating a favorable environment for residents and businesses. Emphasis is placed on the fact that economic primitivization is quite urgent for Ukraine due to its European integration course. Ukraine’s export strategy is based on the theory of comparative advantage, so, emphasis in this strategy is placed on the development of low value-added export industries, and it is especially actual for the machine building industry. The article emphasizes the institutional nature of economic primitivism, as it is not the subject for neoclassical, traditional economic analysis. The necessity of taking into account the qualitative, and not only quantitative, aspect of the analysis of economic activity is argued: in addition to the "cost minimization and profit maximization" approach, it is necessary to use the approaches suggested by J. von Th?nen, F. List and J. Schumpeter, based on the differentiation of industries by the economic return level and the synergistic effect. Article is written in Ukrainian
Polyakov M. V., Bilozubenko V. S.
Strategic Principles of Ukraine's Integration into the EU Innovation System (p. 12 - 18)
The peculiarity of the current development stage of the world economy is manifested in the growing level of internationalization in research and innovation, as well as in deepening international scientific and technological cooperation and exchange. This is especially true for Europe, where a holistic innovation system (IS) of the European Union (EU) has been formed. The integration in the EU IS is of strategic importance for Ukraine and requires appropriate scientific, practical and conceptual foundations. The article aims at presenting the strategic principles of Ukraine's integration into the EU innovation system. The peculiarities of the EU IS formation, its boundaries and main elements (participants; organizations supporting innovation; trans-European "chains" of knowledge generation and transformation, etc.) are considered. The necessity to choose the convergent vector of development for Ukraine’s national innovation system and the relevant advantages of this direction while reforming the R&D sector, supporting research and innovation are substantiated. The conceptual basis for including Ukraine’s science and technology complex in the EU IS is spelled out. It is determined that the main point here is the development of cooperation in science and technology between Ukraine and the EU in such a way that a number of principles are observed (taking into account the uniqueness of the EU IS, its advantages and disadvantages; the use of the European paradigm to support innovation, etc.). The preconditions for integration into the EU IS are identified, in particular, ensuring high-level protection of rights and intellectual property. It is also important to develop a mechanism for deepening international cooperation in science and technology between Ukraine and the EU, which should implement special measures of state support. The principle of cumulation, as well as differentiated approach, should become the grounds for stimulating cooperation. The necessity for Ukraine to participate in the EU programs is proven, and general preconditions for it are substantiated. The process of strengthening scientific and technological ties should be based on new information platforms. To stimulate international partnership, it is also advisable to create various infrastructure organizations (technology transfer centers, project expertise, training and research centers). Article is written in Ukrainian
Yaroshenko I. V., Semyhulina I. B.
Global Experience of State Support in the System of Public Management of Territorial Communities’ Development (p. 19 - 28)
Achieving sustainable development of the countries against the background of overcoming the problems and backwardness of some territories, reducing the disproportion of socio-economic indicators, creating conditions for the development of competitive economic environment, and achieving a high standard of living form the main directions of regional policy in many countries, including the European Union. Detailed study of the experience in the formation and implementation of regional policy, the positive examples and trends of some countries and, in particular, EU member states, that have achieved economic growth and improved the welfare of their residents, are relevant for the development of modern Ukraine and its regions during the ongoing European integration processes, socio-economic changes and the formation of Ukraine’s own national regional policy. Analysis of the uneven development of territories and the identification of the main characteristics of this asymmetry allow not only to determine the current state of disproportion in regional development potentials, but also to assess the regional policy directions aimed at eliminating the disproportion. European integration direction in Ukraine’s policy confirms the relevance of a comprehensive study of the regional policy experience in the world and the EU, in particular, especially that of the best practices of Central and Eastern Europe, the latter demonstrating stable positive changes in socio-economic development. This experience could be useful for Ukraine to form and implement its own regional policy principles of organizing regional and local development management and building up local self-government. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2021
Dunas N. V.
Global Trends and Initiatives in Forming the Green Bonds Market in the Context of COVID-19 (p. 4 - 16)
The article is aimed at studying the current global trends and national initiatives in forming a green bonds market in Ukraine through attracting investment to implement environmentally important projects in the area of energy conservation. The essence and key features of “green” bonds as an effective financial instrument for the implementation of environmentally friendly projects in economy are revealed. Analytical review of the green bond market development in the international space and European countries has helped to identify global investment trends and a number of essential features of “green bonds” as a lucrative investment asset in the long run, which brings positive socio-economic and environmental effects. The legal base and regulatory aspect of the formation of the green bonds market in the national economy is compared with those of the developed countries. The main provisions of forming the state policy on the green bond market in Ukraine are analyzed, taking into account the expected results of attracting finance in the sphere of energy efficiency. The risks and promising areas of implementing the Concept of introduction and development of the green bonds market in Ukraine is identified on the basis of changing trends in the investment sphere of the global financial market. It is substantiated that the potential of market development in Ukraine creates the basis for attracting investment capital in various areas of energy efficiency and helps our country to join global trends of greening the national economy in the context of the pandemic. It is proved that the green bond market can compete with investments in virtual assets and will have a long-term economic effect in the process of modernizing the national economy in the period of global climate change and COVID-19. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2021
Balabukha K. Y.
The Impact of Emerging Financial Markets on Marketing Programs: an International Dimension (p. 4 - 9)
The article is aimed at studying the impact of emerging financial markets on marketing programs in the international dimension only. Indicators influencing the economic component of emerging markets are analyzed, namely: the development of services sectors in urban areas of the countries considered (India and China); a gap in employment and income between organized and unorganized sectors in urban areas; the presence of urban slums. The study has resulted in systematizing the main indicators of infrastructure and comparative capacity in India and China, while emphasizing differences in the national cultures of the two countries. It is highlighted that the sustainability of differences in cultural value is especially relevant for large multinational companies, which are influenced by different national cultures in their daily routines. Factors influencing income inequality within the population are substantiated, and the importance of infrastructure in the state of growth is emphasized. It is noted that large differences in consumer incomes indicate the existence of several segments with very different levels of purchasing power; in turn, segments with different incomes allow some companies to create innovative opportunities. The areas of implementing marketing programs in the situation of emerging financial markets are outlined. It is noted that because all regions differ in requirements, tastes, habits, media, and preferences, price awareness is up to changes, and this can cause the development of marketing programs inside and outside the country. Research perspectives in this area, as we see them, can lie in designing an innovative marketing program, targeted at the Ukrainian consumer market and capable of forming a stable competitive advantage in the face of international competition. Article is written in Ukrainian
Hrabar M. V.
Main Indicators of the Digital Transformation of the International Travel Industry (p. 10 - 15)
The article aims at studying current trends and key indicators of the digital transformation of the international travel industry. Due to the digital revolution, travel companies have changed the paradigm of approaches to understanding effective business processes. Digitalization has highlighted unprecedented opportunities for small and medium-sized travel businesses to access new markets, develop new tourism products and services, adopt new business models and processes, enhance their position in global travel value chains, and integrate into digital systems. Both quantitative and qualitative indicators of users’ stay on the Internet are given. As a result, it is stated that as people become employed, they create their own living environment and recreation environment on the basis of their interaction with the Internet. It is proved that travel business operates on a global scale and has an information-intensive nature, thus contributing to digitalization processes. It has been found out that digitalization changes and transforms tourism, provides business with direct access to global markets. It is established that digital economy has a profound impact on travel industry, as it transforms the process of communication with tourists and marketing of travel services, opens new and creative ways of providing such services. Having generalized information of the issue, the author has divided the digital tourism market into two categories. It is justified that the digital tourism market covers all the online transactions and purchases made through online payment or online booking. Conclusion is made that the United States holds the leading role in the digital tourism market. Governments have been found to play an important role in creating an appropriate framework for the digital transformation of travel business models. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kalyuzhna N. H., Kovtun T. K.
Hybrid Threats: Essence, Characteristics, Preconditions for Escalation (p. 16 - 21)
The article aims at clarifying the essence of hybrid threats through systematizing their key characteristics and determining preconditions for conflict escalation. Common definitions of hybrid threats are considered and the lack of a unified approach to their interpretation is emphasized given their diversity and comprehensive nature. The high destructive potential of hybrid threats due to their hidden nature and focus on the most vulnerable aspects of the hybrid aggression object are substantiated. The specifics of carrying out hybrid threats in the economic sphere is analyzed, and the example of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation shows that the economic sphere serves as a space for hiding and deformalizing a hybrid conflict. The essence of the synergetic effect made by the synchronous realization of hybrid threats in different confrontation areas is considered. It is demonstrated that the key feature of hybrid conflicts is their staying outside the legally justified intervention of other states and international organizations. Emphasis is placed on the rapid spread of hybrid threats in the economic sphere and on the special risks that conflicts hybridization creates for economically weak states. Another important feature of hybrid threats is identified, namely, the high probability of their escalation due to unforeseen events, the global pandemic COVID-19 in particular. It is substantiated that the expected risk of the post-pandemic period is the transition of most national economies to protectionist policies, which will inevitably increase the risk of hybrid threats escalation for economically weak states due to the desire of more powerful states to protect their national economic interests. Having analyzed the specifics of hybrid threats and understanding hybridity as a result of combining different forms, the authors identify the key characteristics of hybrid threats and further combine them into the following groups according to their essence: general aspects; specifics of methods and tools; areas of implementation; prerequisites for efficiency. Article is written in English
Kornіvska V. O.
European Experience in Adapting Social and Economic Development to Crisis Situation: Programs and Financial Instruments (p. 22 - 34)
The paper presents analysis of European counter-crisis response programs: investment initiatives in response to the coronavirus; REACT-EU package of measures; a long-term recovery program (budget for 2021-2027) and Next Generation EU; and a banking package of measures titled “Supporting businesses and households amid COVID-19”. The sources of financial instruments for the recovery and adaptation of EU member states to the transcrisis state are described, and the most effective mechanisms for supporting entrepreneurship in the COVID-19 crisis are shown. The example of Slovakia and Poland is used to demonstrate the European experience in organizing the credit process, providing guarantees, intensifying social entrepreneurship in the face of the ongoing epidemic shock. The European investment trends and the participation of financial intermediaries in the post-crisis recovery are determined and used as a basis to characterize nationalization of the European long-term investment process. The special role of the state and the formation of state funds in the process of ensuring the effective adaptation of the Ukrainian financial and institutional environment to new challenges is substantiated; the importance of developing long-term programs for adapting the Ukrainian economy and society to the challenges of sanitary, humanitarian, climatic and political and economic nature, as well as forming appropriate institutions is shown. It is concluded that, given the peculiarities of the operational behavior of Ukrainian banking institutions, which are now focused on operations with government securities and commission activities, the adaptation investment process should be provided by public financial institutions. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2021
Rayevnyeva O. V., Berest M. M.
International Activity Intensification as a Means of Development of an Innovatively Active University (p. 4 - 13)
The article is aimed at analyzing various approaches to understanding the phenomenon of "internationalization of higher education institutions," and identifying tools for effective international activities of innovatively active higher education institutions (hereinafter referred to as IA HEIs) in the context of globalization, transformation and digitalization of society. Having studied substantive aspects and development of the "internationalization of higher education" concept, the authors found out that currently internationalization at the national, sectoral and institutional levels is defined as the process of implementing international, intercultural or global dimension in the purpose and/or function of and support for higher education. At the same time, the development of internalization processes in higher education takes place in the context of large-scale globalization challenges, thus requiring support for enhancing the competitiveness of national education systems in the global market of educational services. It is determined that higher education institutions are the main driving force in developing structures and strategies of international cooperation and play a systemic and strategic role in ensuring and developing internationalization processes. This role requires active development of modern forms, methods, technologies and innovations in higher education, for example, by increasing the effectiveness of the international activity of HEIs. Having analyzed numerous scientific information sources and modern approaches to understanding the content of the "international activity of a higher education institution" concept, as well as to considering its intrinsic features and key approaches to its implementation, the authors define international activity of higher education institutions as a process of organizing international cooperation of a university with foreign institutional, national and international entities, which has a systemic character and is aimed at effectively implementing its mission, improving its image and competitiveness in the national and international markets of educational services, ensuring institutional development and implementation of foreign policy objectives. The key components of the international activity of HEIs are proved to be interrelated. The authors consider the intrinsic features of the international activity of an innovatively active university, and define its purpose and the main tasks of its realization. A set of international activity types characteristic for an innovatively active university is developed. The authors suggest that these activity types be considered in terms of their educational, scientific and organizational components. The formation of a system of indicators for evaluating and monitoring the effectiveness of international activities of a university in the world educational and scientific space can become a prospect for further research. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2022
Khaustova V. Y., Reshetnyak O. I., Khaustov M. M.
Promising Areas of IT Development in the World (p. 3 - 19)
To study promising areas of IT development is very important not only because it helps find competitive advantages for IT managers, but also because of the impact it makes on various aspects of economic activity, such as customers, clients, ecosystem, etc. The article in question is aimed at determining promising areas of IT development in the world by analyzing the current trends and predict researchers’ publication and patent activity. The methodological basis for the article is made up by the following: research review, analysis of general trends in the IT development, bibliometric and patent analysis, and graphic and statistical analysis. A general approach is suggested to identify promising areas of IT development in the world, the approach being comprehensive, unlike the already existing ones. The main trends in the IT development are studied by reviewing scientific literature and reports on the technological development of the industry. In particular, Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies is analyzed. The world’s technological foresights, in particular those of the EU countries, the USA, South Korea, and Japan, were analyzed, which allowed us to identify the most probable trends in the IT development in the world. The dynamics and structure of scientists’ publishing activity on the topic of “Computer Science” are analyzed according to the bibliometric indicators of the SCImago Journal & Country Rank portal, and patent applications published in the field of information technology is analyzed according to the data of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The changes in the structure and number of publications and patent applications for the period 1996–2020 are analyzed. The most promising areas of research in the IT sphere are determined. Due to grouping the obtained results we can determine such promising areas of IT development in the world: artificial intelligence, cloud technologies, blockchain technology, information and communication technologies, big data, computing memory, chatbots, cybersecurity, language recognition, digital communication, computer networks, and IT management methods. The obtained results of the research can serve as a basis to determine the priorities of developing IT research in Ukraine. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2022
Grytsulenko S. I.
Analyzing the Tendencies in the Technological Development of the Countries of the World in the Context of Patent Statistics (p. 4 - 12)
In the face of increased competition in the world market, the issue of assessing the factors of influence on the technological development of the world countries is actualized. To this end, the article measures the indicators of patent activity in the context of individual regions and countries of the world, together with technological areas, using the patent statistics databases. According to the results of the research, the following main conclusions are made: – a noteworthy feature of modernity is the dynamic growth of patent activity (+42% for 2012-2021) as a significant criterion for technological development of the world countries; – in particular, the active patent position of three Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea: a combined share of 54.1% of PCT applications in 2021) provided them with leading positions in the international patenting of inventions, as well as control over large niches of the global market in the field of computer (31.4%) and digital (26.7%) technologies, as well as electrical machine-building (20.2%); – the first-rank status belongs to China, which in both computer (15.6%), and digital technologies (15.2%) is ahead of even the United States (12.4% and 9.7%, respectively), where these technologies de facto originated; – a significant sphere of U.S. interests in the global market are also medical technologies (10.8%), while for Germany it is energy (10.3%) and transport (9.6%); – however, Ukraine has no place on the world technological map, as indicated by almost zero share of patent activity (0.06% in 2012; 0.05% in 2021) and its negative dynamics (–17%). Taking into account the extremely negative assessments obtained for Ukraine, which is a contradiction with the global tendency, the need to raise patent activity appears a key task of technical and technological reconstruction of the economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Guryanova L. S., Gavkalova N. L., Lola Y. Y., Prokopovych S. V., Mykhailenko D. H.
The Socioeconomic and Political Level of Development of Countries in View of Digitalization of Public Administration (p. 13 - 21)
In the twenty-first century, the information revolution has led to the global digitalization of modern society, encompassing all countries of the world and leading to change in all spheres of human life, including economic, social and political. E-government makes the administrative process convenient, transparent, and fully accountable to the community, improving sociopolitical and democratic processes in the countries, and creating an effective information and technology platform for developing the business environment. In line with the administrative reform e-government is a strategic choice for the country, which aims to increase the competitiveness of the State and improve the well-being of its people. The article examines the influence of the level of digitalization on the level of socioeconomic and political development of countries. To test hypotheses, hierarchical agglomerative and iterative methods of cluster analysis, econometric models were used. The E-Government Development Index, Doing Business, The Global Competitiveness Index, The Social Progress Index for 114 countries for 2014–2019 were considered as the research information base. The results showed a significant positive effect of increasing the level of digitalization on the socioeconomic development and quality of political institutions of countries, which manifests itself with a different time lag. In addition, the results of an econometric analysis show that there is no difference in the intensity of the influence of the factor of digitalization in countries with different income levels. The results can be useful in the formation and adaptation of a strategy of socioeconomic development and competitiveness, in the assessment and systematic analysis of a digitalization strategy. Article is written in English
Kornіvska V. O.
The Russian-Ukrainian War Crisis as Part of the Profound Global Transformation Process: The Financial Mechanisms for Stabilization and Recovery (p. 22 - 31)
The article is aimed at characterizing the modern crisis caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war as part of the profound world transformation process, and theoretical-methodological substantiating of the financial mechanisms for stabilization and recovery of the Ukrainian economy. As a result of the carried out study, it is shown that the current crisis in Ukraine is a component of the global transformational transition against the background of the formation of the information and digital economy. On the surface of economic phenomena, this transition is presented as: destabilization as result of the conflict adaptation of the networked person and the social simplification of the classical market entity; the clash of the fading liberal model of the world order and the beginnings of a new digital society; the crisis of globalization and localization. The stages of the unfolding crisis of globalization and localization are the following: the global financial and economic collapse of 2007-2009, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021, the stage of maximum entropy during the Russian military aggression against Ukraine in 2022. In the context of the crisis of globalization and localization, the role of the State-owned institutions is growing, which absorb global fluctuations and take maximum responsibility for themselves, creating risks for the formation of authoritarian societies. Simultaneously, with the crisis uncertainty growing, this is the most likely option to ensure relative stability and consistency. Financial mechanisms for stabilization and recovery of the Ukrainian economy should be implemented on the basis of the use of digital technologies to ensure supply and demand through the introduction of digital currency, the institution of unconditional income, the development of programs for automatic assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises in the context of crisis, the creation of financial development institutions in the format of a digital bank. Digital technologies will increase the risks of final leveling of market principles of economic activity and cause excessive overregulation, so further research in this direction will be focused on minimizing the risks of totalitarianization of the financial space in the digital economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Panova I. O., Zhevaho O. K.
The Historical and Theoretical Aspects of the Study of the Formation of Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (p. 32 - 38)
The article is aimed at highlighting the historical and theoretical aspects of the study of the formation of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the present stage is based on a combination of historically formed interests of the State and the ideology of the Islamic revolution – the so-called «Khomeinism». Balancing a pragmatic and a revolutionary approach is enshrined in the country’s political system itself and, thanks to a significant economic, demographic and military base, allows Iran to hold a strong position in the international arena. At the same time, the initial course of confrontation with a number of regional and global actors, coupled with the development of the national nuclear program, creates obstacles for Iran’s full functioning in the international arena. The geopolitical position of the Islamic Republic is as profitable as it is quite complicated. Being at the crossroads of several world regions and approaching the world’s key energy basins provides Tehran with ample opportunities to advance its own influence and cooperation with neighboring countries. At the same time, Iran is surrounded by zones of regional instability and its rivals or competitors. To counter external threats, Tehran has developed a flexible strategy based on a wide range of pro-Iranian non-governmental organizations – the so-called «Axis of Resistance» – and an asymmetrical action instrumentarium, which include the use of both hard and soft power methods. Currently, the degree of confrontation with regional adversaries (Israel and the Gulf countries) and a global opponent (the United States) is gaining a threatening scale. However, Iran is generally characterized by a periodic change in the cycles of aggravation of tension and d?tente in relations with its opponents. At the same time, Tehran’s pragmatism has its manifestation in maintaining relations and dialogue with its opponents in order to achieve certain goals, despite the confrontational discourse of official statements. In addition to the activities strictly along the perimeter of the State (that includes the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central and South Asia), Iran, to the best of its own capabilities and the regime of international sanctions, establishes relations with many countries of the world, from members of the UN Security Council - Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China to the countries of Africa and Latin America. To promote its discourse on the international stage, Tehran uses a wide network of cultural, religious, educational and charitable organizations. This approach allows to win supporters and generate financial flows for the regional activities of the IRI around the world. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2022
Kriachko Y. M., Perepelitsyn H. B.
Substantiating the Strategic Directions of Development of the Woodworking Industry of the World Countries (p. 4 - 11)
To determine the strategic directions of development of the woodworking industry of the country, a structural-logical scheme of scientific research is proposed, which includes the following stages: identification of the main substantive determinants of ensuring the development of the woodworking industry of the countries over the world; assessment of raw material potential and competitiveness of the woodworking industry of the world countries; modeling the impact of raw materials potential on the competitiveness of the woodworking industry in the countries of the world; determination of priority directions of development of the woodworking industry of these countries. An integral assessment of the raw material potential of the woodworking industry of the world countries was carried out by the following components: forest cover of the territory, reserves of the forest stand, the total volume of wood production, the volume of production of business wood, which made it possible to determine the level and disproportions of the development of raw materials for the woodworking industry of the countries of the world. According to the value of the integral indicator of the raw material potential of the woodworking industry in 2020, from 36 countries chosen, Finland, Canada, Sweden, Latvia, Estonia were included in countries with a high level of raw material potential of the woodworking industry, while the countries with the lowest level were Greece, Mexico, Italy, China, the Netherlands, and Ukraine. The level of competitiveness of the woodworking industry of Ukraine and the world countries is assessed. The leading countries in terms of competitiveness of the woodworking industry in 2020 included Brazil, Russia, Ukraine, Canada, Finland, while the countries with a low level of competitiveness of the woodworking industry included the Netherlands, Greece, Great Britain, Korea, Japan, and Italy. The carried out analysis allows to recommend for the group of leading countries in terms of competitiveness of the woodworking industry (including Ukraine) to focus on increasing exports of woodworking goods with high added value, such as sheet wood materials. A modeling of the influence of raw material potential on the level of competitiveness of the woodworking industry of the world countries is fulfilled. It is determined that the strategic directions of development of the woodworking industry of the countries of the world are to increase the output of products with high added value and the introduction of measures for the rational use of forest resources. Article is written in Ukrainian
Shkurupii O. V., Svitlychna A. V., Zahrebelna I. L., Svitlychna O. A.
BREXIT: Preconditions, Consequences, Interests and the Main Vectors of Interstate Relations of Great Britain in the Sphere of Trade (p. 12 - 19)
The carried out analysis reflects the essence and course of the Brexit process. In terms of essence, the Great Britain’s exit from the EU should be considered a complex transformational process, which in a real form reproduces the model of structural changes occurring within the framework of a non-balanced open system (dissipative structure). Such a conceptual approach to the interpretation of this process allows us to specify the definition of Brexit as a solution to the intra-system contradiction that has formed within the most complex form of integration, which is the European Union. With the transformation (transformation of the form) and structural changes occurring along this process, a new quality of the basic system together with the separated former elements of this system, which have acquired the status of independent integral system units, is formed. In the future, the dynamics may take the form of either progress or regression. Accordingly, Brexit as a result of the transformation of the economic and political union of European countries is fraught with risks for both sides – as for Great Britain, so for the EU. The economic system of Great Britain is one of the largest and most productive in Europe and the world. Therefore, Brexit has significantly weakened the EU economy, but has not caused a critical deterioration in its condition. Similarly, the Great Britain’s loss of the EU membership, which the country had since 1973, had hindered the possibilities of growth, but did not cause a devastating change in the economy. The situation in the sphere of international trade appears to be similar. For Great Britain, the Brexit transition period has become extremely difficult, as it largely coincided with the protracted period of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a response to the challenges facing the country after Brexit, Great Britain is implementing a model of interstate relations aimed at preserving the partnerships acquired during the period of the EU membership and at the same time forming new ones, being no less effective. Within the limits of this model, the most likely format of equally close economic (including trade) relations «countries of Europe – Great Britain – the USA» will be formed. Trade relations with China remain mutually beneficial for Great Britain, although their context has become significantly politically determined, given the divergence of the interests of the USA and China and the Great Britain’s loss of the role of a conductor of Chinese interests in the EU. Great prospects are opened to Great Britain by the direction of Indo- and Asia-Pacific cooperation, which involves developing relations with countries, the vast majority of which are participants in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2022
Hubarieva I. O., Salashenko T. I.
The Scenarios for Forecasting the Adequacy of the Development of Generating Capacities, the Mechanisms for Supporting the Development of the Electric Energy Industry of the European Union (p. 4 - 12)
A generalized interpretation of the adequacy of generating capacities is presented. Methods for assessing the adequacy of generating capacities correspondent to the EU regulations and standards are examined. The peculiarities of forecasting the adequacy of the development of generating capacities at different time intervals (long-term, medium-term and short-term) according to the methodological approach of ENTSO-E are covered. The main scenarios for forecasting the adequacy of the development of generating capacities at medium-term and long-term time intervals are provided. Attention is focused on the key stages of building the market-based stochastic models for forecasting the supply and demand of electric energy in accordance with the methodological approach of ENTSO-E to predict the adequacy of the development of generating capacities: forecasting the hourly load in the electric energy system; determination of probabilistic characteristics of power generation based on the climate database; assessment of the flexibility of the electric power system; forecasting the development of transboundary flows of electric energy; evaluation of criteria for the adequacy of the development of generating capacities. The methodological aspects of forecasting and assessing the adequacy of the development of generating capacities for each of the stages are presented. To support the adequate development of the European electric energy industry, the relevant market supporting mechanisms are introduced, namely the capacity market and the renewable electric energy market. The main types of mechanisms for the functioning of the capacity market in the EU are provided. Schemes of government support for the development of renewable electric energy in the EU are considered. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khaustov M. M.
Development of Startups in the Energy Sector: The World Experience and Opportunities for Ukraine (p. 13 - 24)
The aim of the study is to define the essential characteristics of startups, identify the features, trends and prospects for their development in the global energy sector as well as development opportunities in Ukraine. Based on the carried out research, it is shown that today startups are a catalyst for economic development, the processes of their creation in the world are developing dynamically. The importance of the energy sector in the development of startups due to the importance for states and humanity aiming at achieving the goals of the transition to clean energy, also the need to ensure energy independence and security of the countries of the world, and their national security in particular, is determined. An understanding of the essence of the concept of «startup» has been formed. It is found that startups are based on low-tech, high-tech and deep-tech innovations, their features are examined. Specific features of the energy sector that determine the processes of technological changes in the sector and affect the peculiarities of creating and implementing startups, the dynamics of their development and risks are highlighted. Quantitative indicators of the development of startups (including those connected with energy sector), as at the global level so by individual countries, their structure according to the directions, features of the development of startups in the fields of «clean» and «digital» energy are researched. The experience of individual countries in building an effective startup ecosystem is considered. It is substantiated that in the current conditions the development of the country requires the use of various instruments on the part of national policy for the formation and development of an ecosystem of startups, ensuring the appropriate institutional environment. This will create the basis for economic growth, which is extremely important for Ukraine in the context of post-war economic recovery. It is determined that large-scale destruction in the energy sector substantiates the high importance of the development of startups in it, which can be helpful in covering certain needs, for example, in liquid fuel, efficient heat supply, etc. Article is written in Ukrainian
Cherep A. V., Leshchenko A. A.
The Essential Characteristics of the Recovery after Armed Conflicts in the Countries of the World (p. 25 - 34)
The purpose of the article is to analyze the international experience of countries in the period of post-war recovery, to determine the main factors that influenced the development of the economy, and to form a plan for the reconstruction and development of our country on the basis of the data obtained. Ukraine during 2014–2021 suffered from aggression in the east of the country implemented by gangs funded by the Russian Federation, all this had a significant impact on all sectors of the country’s economy, but in early 2022 Russia resorted to a full-scale intervention, which led to enormous human casualties, destruction of social infrastructure, the industrial complex and the economy as a whole. Now it is not individual regions that suffer from armed aggression, but the territory of the entire country, a significant part of which is occupied, while strikes from various types of weapons occur in most regions on daily basis. Although the fighting is not over yet, and the scale of the consequences and losses is already difficult to calculate, but after the end of the war there will come a period of recovery, so it would be advisable to analyze in advance the historical events of the past and study the experience of the countries of the world, which suffered destruction during wartime and hostilities. The article considers the practice of reconstruction and economic development of the country in the post-war period. The main factors for ensuring economic growth of countries such as West Germany, Japan, Italy, South Korea and Israel have been identified. The authors analyzed the means, having implemented which, it will be possible to develop an action plan for the reconstruction of the economy and realize the potential of Ukraine’s development. The draft State Budget of Ukraine for 2023 and plans to raise funds to finance the country’s economy by international organizations and foreign governments are considered. Examples of post-war recovery of Ukraine, which have been introduced by the government and are already being implemented, are presented in order to stabilize the country’s economy now and restore the destroyed country in the future. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2023
Kyzym M. O., Khaustova V. Y., Kostenko D. M.
An Evaluation and a Comparative Analysis of the Military Forces of Ukraine and russian federation, Taking into Account the Structure and Composition of Their Armed Forces (p. 4 - 22)
The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the structures and condition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the aggressor country of russia, as well as to develop a methodological approach that will allow to assess and compare the military forces of countries. The article assesses the state and structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the aggressor country of russia by types and branches of the armed forces. Attention is paid to the assessment and comparison of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and russian federation by such indicators as the number of military personnel, the number and quality of tanks, armored personnel carriers, airplanes and helicopters, ships and boats of the Navy, and anti-aircraft warfare systems of the Air Force of Ukraine. The authors substantiate a methodological approach to assessing the military power of countries based on the following provisions: when assessing the military power of the world countries, it is necessary to carry out both a general assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces and the types and branches of the armed forces; when assessing the military power of the types and branches of the armed forces of the world countries, it is necessary to take into account both the number of weapons and military equipment belonging to them and the quality of their structure; assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces should be carried out for countries between which a military conflict or a full-scale war is possible; assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces of the world countries should take into account the possibility of their participation in a particular generation of war. A formula for an integrated assessment of the military power of the Armed Forces of a country is proposed. On the basis of the developed methodological approach and the proposed formula, the military power of Ukraine and russian federation is estimated and compared. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kornіvska V. O.
Global Experience of Central Bank Digital Currency Research and Implementation: The Institutional Aspect (p. 23 - 31)
The purpose of the article is to disclose the influence of institutional factors on the formation of the effects of the introduction of a central bank digital currency and to substantiate the prerequisites for the possible introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the Ukrainian system of financial and institutional coordinates. The carried out study concludes that the global regulatory community has no final certainty about the very fact of creating such a revolutionary payment mechanism. At the same time, approaches to the design, goals, and possible results of putting the CBDC into circulation are focused on functional areas of analysis, while the issue of the influence of the institutional environment on the formation of the effects of the digital transformation of the monetary space requires a more thorough research. The search for answers to the question of how to use the CBDC to form a controlled, inclusive, transparent, and efficient financial and institutional space should include, as an essential constituent, an analysis of trust in the actions of the government and the central bank at each stage of the CBDC development. The poor and complex experience of introducing the CBDC demonstrates that in the absence of a sufficient level of trust, the financial, economic, and social situation becomes destabilized. The experience of introducing digital currency in an unstable economic environment shows that a central bank’s digital currency can be introduced only if there is a high level of trust in the national currency, the monetary policy pursued by the central bank, and a low level of inflation; the conversion of the national currency into digital form should be preceded by an effective monetary policy aimed at increasing the reliability of the national currency. The author concludes that, given the revolutionary nature of the reform, the introduction of digital currency cannot be used as an element of stabilization measures and cannot be considered a monetary experiment; its prospects should be conditioned by general economic and monetary stabilization. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kriachko Y. M., Perepelitsyn H. B.
Assessing the Dynamics of Both the Global and Ukrainian Markets of Woodworking Industry Products (p. 32 - 41)
The article analyzes the dynamics of both the global and Ukrainian markets of woodworking products. The commodity structure of trade in wood products is analyzed by the following types: roundwood, business roundwood, fuel wood, lumber, veneer, plywood, sheet materials, chipboards, particle boards, tentative chipboards, wood fiber boards, and solid wood boards. The dynamics of both the global and Ukrainian markets of woodworking industry products is compared by the following indicators: production volume, exports, imports, domestic consumption, export orientation, and import dependence. The comparative competitive advantages of Ukrainian woodworking products with those of other countries are identified. The carried out study has shown that the development of the Ukrainian woodworking industry markets is largely in line with global trends. Among the types of woodworking products in Ukraine, the following mainly correspond to global trends: lumber, veneer, wood-based panels, chipboards, wood-fiber boards and solid wood boards, with the growth rates of production and market capacity of these types of products exceeding the global-marketed ones. The types of woodworking products that did not fully meet global trends included roundwood, business roundwood, fuel wood, plywood, and oriented strand boards, which were characterized by a decline in exports and imports, as well as fluctuations in production and market capacity. Both the global and Ukrainian markets saw a decline in sales of low-value-added wood products and a moderate increase in high value-added products. In Ukraine, only two types of woodworking products – lumber and veneer – increased their export orientation, but these products also saw a significant increase in import dependence. The strongest rates of decline in export orientation were observed in the following types of woodworking products: business roundwood (86.6%), roundwood (48.5%), wood fiber boards (39.9%), fuel wood (36.2%), and solid wood boards (25.3%), while these products also saw a significant decrease in import dependence. Taking into account the trends in the global wood products market, the ways to ensure the development of the woodworking industry in Ukraine in the postwar period are allocated. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2023
Danylenko Y. S.
Analyzing the Features of the Activities of the Regulatory Authorities of the Market for Sales of Passenger Cars in Ukraine and the World (p. 4 - 15)
The article analyzes the regulatory bodies of the market for sales of passenger cars in Ukraine and some countries of the world. The role and functions of the authorities regulating the market for sales of passenger cars in different countries are examined. The article contains a list of bodies of the State regulation of the the market for sales of passenger cars in Ukraine and some other countries, such as Germany, France, Slovakia, Poland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Austria, Spain, Estonia, China, Japan, India, the USA, Canada, and others. This article examines examples of countries where regulatory bodies play an important role in ensuring road safety and consumer protection, as well as countries where such authorities play a less significant role. The main tasks of the regulatory authorities of Ukraine and some other countries responsible for ensuring free and competitive trade in cars are determined. The importance of regulatory authorities in ensuring the safety and quality of cars, as well as consumer protection, is outlined. It is determined that the main reasons for the State intervention in the market for sales of passenger cars are price regulation, quality control, support for domestic producers, reduction of environmental impact, and consumer protection. The problems and shortcomings of the activities of regulatory bodies are highlighted and recommendations for improving their work are provided. Problems in regulating the market for sales of passenger cars in Ukraine are presented. In particular, this concerns insufficient effectiveness of control, corruption issues, insufficient qualifications of employees, etc. An idea of how different countries regulate the market for sales of passenger cars is provided, which helps to understand what measures can be useful for improving the regulation of this market in Ukraine. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zvarych I. T., Zvarych O. I.
The Impact of Trade and Economic Relations Between Ukraine and the European Union on the Competitiveness of Domestic Business Entities (p. 16 - 23)
The article highlights the impact of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union on the competitiveness of domestic companies. At this, using the system and synergistic approaches, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical, comparative, comparative and content analysis, it was found that relations between them began in December 1991, when the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, as the EU presidency, in a letter on his behalf officially recognized Ukraine’s independence, whose policy of building long-term relations is carried out on the basis of the Law of Ukraine of July 1, 2010 «On the Principles of Domestic and Foreign Policy», according to the provisions of Article 11 of which «... ensuring Ukraine’s integration into the European political, economic and legal space» is one of the defining principles of our country’s foreign policy. As a result of the introduction of the Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU, our country received trade preferences in the form of duty-free tariff quotas for 36 types of goods, four types of which were set additional volumes of their supply to European markets. At the same time, despite exceptionally unfavorable economic circumstances, the commodity structure of Ukraine’s exports to the European Union remains generally stable. About a third of it is occupied by agricultural and food industry products, in second place – ferrous metals and products from them, in third – electrical and mechanical machines. As for services, the structure of their exports, along with the processing of various material resources, is dominated primarily by information-communication and transport services. At the same time, in 2020, the part of the European Union countries in Ukraine’s foreign trade amounted to 40.7 %, therefore, it avoided such a humiliating status as a raw material appendage of the European Union and became its full-fledged partner in trade in goods and services. Further, at the end of 2022, the total volume of goods from Ukraine to the European Union increased by 4.2% compared to 2021 and reached more than $ 28 billion. The article substantiates that, in addition to foreign trade, the competitiveness of domestic enterprises is influenced by other factors, requiring the appropriate potential, the presence of which enables one or another business entity in the process of its production, commercial or other activities to create appropriate competitive advantages, which, in turn, ensures an increase in their competitiveness. Taking this into account is extremely important for further expansion of production by enterprises and, on this basis, increasing their profits in order to direct them to improving the welfare of workers and their families, which is especially important in the context of Ukraine’s consistent integration into the European Union. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kalinichenko O. O., Mosiichuk I. V., Poyta I. O.
Project Management in a Global Context: The Cultural Aspects and Adaptation (p. 24 - 30)
The article is aimed at considering project management in a global context with a focus on cultural aspects and adaptation, i. e., to emphasize the importance of taking cultural aspects into account when managing projects in a global context. As a result of the study, the latest research and publications on project management in a global context are allocated. The purpose of management and project priorities are defined. The key stages of project management, as well as the main project participants, which can vary depending on its size, complexity and nature, are disclosed. It is substantiated that the successful implementation of the project requires cooperation and interaction of different participants who have their own responsibilities and roles. It is determined that understanding and taking into consideration cultural peculiarities become key factors for the successful implementation of the project in the global environment. The main cultural aspects in project management in a global context are disclosed. As a result of the study, it is proved that some cultures can emphasize individualism and independence, while others can emphasize collectivism and communion. It is found that successful project management requires consideration and adaptation to the diversity of cultures that affect the ways of communication, decision-making, organization of work and interaction with project participants. The article provides key aspects to be taken into account when adapting a project, which will help ensure the successful implementation of the project in a global context, thinking of the specific needs and requirements of the international environment. Prospects for further excursions in the direction of project management in a global context with a focus on cultural aspects and adaptation are important for the further development of this area. One possible direction of research could be to study more deeply the impact of cultural differences on the success of projects in a global context. This may include analyzing the impact of different cultural values, norms and practices on communication, decision-making and cooperation between project participants from different countries. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2023
Alizade A. R.
On Joint Changes in GDP by Purchasing Power Parity per Capita of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan (p. 5 - 14)
The article examines the relationships between the key components of the levels of socioeconomic development of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The aim of the study is to build a model of intercountry regression of per capita economic growth of both Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan and to perform a comparative cross-country analysis of the key component of inclusive growth of the two countries under the strong influence of financial and socioeconomic crisis processes and the ongoing war. The study is aimed at an empirical study of the joint movement of both indicators, the identification of cause-and-effect relationships and cointegration dependence, the determination of a long-term integration relationship, allowing to take the necessary steps and measures for the positive mutual impact of trade and economic relations between the two countries on the national socioeconomic development. As the level of economic development, GDP per capita was used, taking into account purchasing power parity (PPP). The analysis of the dynamic relationship of indicators is carried out on the basis of data from January 1990 to December 2022. The study uses econometric methodology, including the extended Dickey–Fuller test for the presence of a single root, the Granger test for causality, the Engle–Johansen tests for cointegration, the vector model of error correction, and standard diagnostic tests. Tests for stationarity, causality, and cointegration were performed at the 10% significance level in the entire sample. The cointegration of the integrated 1st order of non-stationary initial series is revealed, where the preferred variant is the one with a trend, in which the marginal rate of restoration of equilibrium between GDP per capita at PPP of the two countries in the current year after the shock of the independent variable in the previous year is noted. The result, showing that GDP per capita at the PPP of Ukraine is in a slight positive dependence on GDP per capita at the PPP of Azerbaijan, is obtained. The empirical model explains 95% of the variation in the initial levels, and the equation of the vector error correction system 51% explains the differences. Recommendations are provided to ensure a long-term equilibrium of the joint movement of GDP at the PPP of both countries and to reduce the imbalance. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zhyvko M. A., Vivchar S. F.
Strategies for Navigating in the Fragmentation Conditions of Global Finance and Economic Digitalization: Contemporary Trends in TNC Management (p. 15 - 24)
In an era characterized by the globalization of finance and the rapid digitalization of economies, Transnational Corporations (TNCs) face complex challenges and opportunities to maintain competitive advantage and sustained growth. This article examines the contemporary trends in TNC management strategies, specifically focusing on their response to the fragmentation conditions within the global financial landscape and the pervasive influence of digital transformation on economic activities. The paper delves into the evolving paradigms of TNC operations, highlighting the dynamic interplay between global finance and digitalization, which has necessitated the development of innovative approaches to corporate governance, risk management, and value creation. Through a comprehensive review of recent case studies and industry practices, the article identifies critical insights into how TNCs are reshaping their organizational structures, operational models, and technological investments. Furthermore, the study explores the role of strategic partnerships, regulatory adaptations, and technology-driven initiatives in enhancing TNC resilience in facing financial uncertainties and disruptive digital forces. By shedding light on these contemporary trends, this article contributes to the broader discourse on TNC management strategies within global finance globalization and economic digitalization, offering valuable insights for practitioners, scholars, and policymakers alike. Article is written in English
Trofymenko O. O., Ilyash O. I.
A Comparative Analysis of the Development of Startups in the World Economy (p. 25 - 30)
The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the trends in the development of startups, taking account of world practices and the possibility of their implementation in Ukraine. The impact of Industries 4.0, 5.0 on ensuring the high-tech development of national economic systems is substantiated and the need to implement startups as the basis for the formation of innovative entrepreneurship is emphasized. Changes in global financing of startups are analyzed, a decrease in the number and value of deals on the financing of startups and fluctuations in the financing due to the phased development of startups are revealed. The following reasons for the decrease in the financing are identified: a slight rise in investment in the early stages of the development of startups and a fall in the level of global financing of startups due to the unattractive investment climate in the global economic system. The need for assessing the factors in the formation of a new ecosystem for the development of startups by country, changes in the number of registered startups is emphasized. The leaders in the development of startups in the TOP-5 countries are identified, examples of highly rated startups in specific countries are provided and the main areas of their operation are determined. The trends towards the increase in the number of dismissals of IT workers in 2023 are systematized. It is found that such dismissals have a negative impact on the technological development of sectors and decrease the attractiveness of startups in innovative entrepreneurship. The global structure of startups by fields of activity and changes during 2022-2023 are analyzed, reductions in such industries as social networks and leisure, e-commerce and retail are detected. The main global trends in the development of startups and influencing factors in the development of startups are determined. It is concluded that in the conditions of global transformations there are negative changes in the development strategies of startups, the priority areas are the planning and improvement of business models, and not the growth strategies within the framework of increasing the profitability of foreign companies. Article is written in Ukrainian
Fedirko O. A., Fedirko N. V.
Public Procurement Policy in the Implementation of the Digital Transformation Strategy: Priorities for the EU and for Ukraine (p. 31 - 41)
The aim of the article is to study the policy of public procurement and the scientific substantiation of its priorities in the context of the implementation of the digital transformation strategy in the EU and in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the content analysis of the digitalization policy of public procurement used in the practice of both the EU and Ukraine, as well as in its scientific generalization to substantiate the priorities for the implementation of the digital transformation strategy. The authors examined the model of interaction of subjects of the public procurement market in the EU with the use of digital tools. It is found that the harmonized EU rules in the field of application of common digital public procurement instruments are designed to ensure fairness, transparency and non-discrimination in determining participants in public contracts, to which not only EU companies are admitted, but also the representatives of WTO Member States that have signed the Agreement on Government Procurement. The article discloses the stages of introduction of digital public procurement tools in the EU and in Ukraine. It is determined that in the EU, the process of digitalization of public procurement began in the second half of the 2000s with the introduction of an electronic diary of tenders, significantly intensifying in the second half of the 2010s with the adoption of a package of the EU directives in the field of public procurement and the phased introduction of digital tools (invoices, forms, applications for tenders, the European single procurement document, etc.). The current stage of transformation of digital public procurement tools in the EU was marked by the introduction of a single space for these public procurement in the EU from 2023. The priority directions of digital convergence of the public procurement systems of the EU and Ukraine are substantiated, including the development of cooperation tools for joint public procurement, promotion of competition, countering the corruption, as well as strengthening the professionalization of the public procurement systems. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khaustov M. M.
Development of Scientific Research in the Sphere of Startups: The Bibliometric and Content Analyses (p. 42 - 51)
The article is devoted to the determination of the main trends in the development of scientific research in the sphere of startups using the methods of bibliometric and content analyses. In accordance with the set goal, the dynamics of publication activity and the structure of publications in the direction of «startup» in the scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed; the sectoral structure of publication activity on the startup topics is studied; the TOP-5 of scientific publications by the number of citations in the scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science have been formed; the geographical structure of affiliations of scientists with high publication activity on the startups issues, including individual institutions, is analyzed. In order to identify trends and key areas of research in the sphere of startups, a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications presented in the Scopus and Web of Science was carried out using VOSviewer software, and the main clusters of research were identified, along with the dynamics of their development. According to the results of the study, the author determined the following: 1 – the number of publications on startup topics has been gaining increasing popularity since the 90s of the twentieth century; 2 – the startup topics are of interdisciplinary nature; 3 – 9 clusters of key areas of the startup research (innovation, lean startups, productivity, management, innovative business model, knowledge, growth, ecosystem, business incubator) are identified; 4 – the leaders in the number of publications in this area are the USA, China, Germany; 5 – in 2017–2018 the vast majority of publications were aimed at modeling startups, while in 2018-2020 – innovation and entrepreneurship, and recently there have been studies that are mainly related to the startup ecosystem; 6 – the close relationship between the keywords «Startup» and «Ecosystem» is substantiated, which can be considered a promising direction for the development of scientific research in this area. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №4-2023
Grytsulenko S. I.
Patent Analysis as a Reflection of the Competitive Struggle for the Promising Global Market Niches (p. 5 - 13)
In the context of increased competition in the world market with the use of all possible tools, including exclusive intellectual property (IP) rights, the issue of patent analysis as its reflection becomes actualized. To this end, the indicators of patent activity are measured in the context of larger patent applicants and the most dynamically developing technological areas. As a result of the study, the main conclusions are made as follows:
– there is an active concentration of exclusive IP rights in the patent portfolios of technology leaders carried out around the world, as evidenced by the growth of patent activity for the third year in a row (+5.5% in 2022 compared to 2020);
– new heights of patenting (3.46 million applications) were achieved thanks to the Asian region (70% in 2022), with Chinese innovators as the most significant (47%) and Indian innovators as the most dynamic (+36% compared to 2020);
– the main competitors in the struggle for promising markets and the patent field are China and the United States, although the latter and a few others (-1%) have lost their positions;
– due to the high level of patenting, including international patenting, China is a major user of the PCT system (70015). The 2022 ranking also includes the United States (59056), Japan (50345), South Korea (22012), six European countries, among which Germany is leading (17530);
– the active patent position of the leading Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea) allowed to increase the total share of PCT applications to 51% in 2022 from 28% in 2013, to ensure the majority (8) of their companies are in the top 10 business leaders;
– the dominance of business in the structure of patenting is a global trend (88% of PCT applications in 2022), since it is the production that needs patents;
– the top ten technology areas recorded growth, the most dynamic growth in computing (+92%), digital communications (+83%), and biotechnology (+69%);
– in contrast to global trends, patenting by residents of Ukraine, both inland and abroad, is consistently negative, as evidenced by its low level (1080), negative (-69%) dynamics, the dominance of individuals (> 80%) among applicants unable to compete with corporations, a small number (20.9) of patent applications per million inhabitants, a meager share of PCT applications, which is rapidly heading towards zero (up to 0.03% in 2022 from 0.14% in 2013).
Taking into account the extremely negative assessments for Ukraine, the need for a technological breakthrough as a prerequisite for achieving the success of the country and national companies in the struggle for promising markets and maintaining control over the domestic market is emphasized. Article is written in Ukrainian
Hubarieva I. O., Buka S. A., Bielikova N. V.
Assessing the Level of Digitalization of the Economy of Ukraine and the EU Member States (p. 14 - 21)
The aim of the article is to assess the level of digitalization of the economy of Ukraine and the EU countries using international indices and rankings. In international practice, various rankings and indices are increasingly used to assess the progress of countries around the world in the field of digitalization. The most common rankings that characterize the level of digitalization of the national economy include: the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI); the ICT Development Index; the E-government development index; the Global Cybersecurity Index; the ranking of countries by the level of open data development (Open Data Maturity), etc. The presented international indices summarize the relevant indicators that characterize the effectiveness of digital technologies in the countries of the world; accessibility and quality of mobile communications, the Internet, and digital public services; protection from cyber threats; effectiveness of State policy in the field of open data. The features of formation and constituent components of international rankings and indices, used to assess the level of digitalization of the economy, are considered. The EU countries that are leaders in the digitalization of the economy include: Denmark, Estonia, Poland, Finland, France. The competitive disadvantages of Ukraine in comparison with the EU countries in terms of the components of international indices are determined. The vectors of digital development of Ukraine have been formed as follows: ensuring high-quality communication by expanding access to broadband Internet and its quality; improvement of telecommunications infrastructure; security against cyber threats; strengthening the effectiveness of the State digital policy. It is concluded that in Ukraine there is a potential for increasing the partial indicators that form integral indices, which are used in international practice to assess the level of digitalization of the economy. Article is written in Ukrainian
Malуarets L. M., Norik L. O., Baliuk Y. S., Budarin O. S.
The Development of Export-Import Activity on the Basis of Information and Communication Technologies (p. 22 - 31)
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are rapidly becoming a decisive factor and driving force for the development of export-import activities of many enterprises. The aim of the article is to identify the main directions of development of export-import activities on the basis of ICT and to assess the relationship between the indicators of the digital economy and the indicators of exports and imports of the EU countries. In this study, based on the analysis of statistical data of the leading European countries-leaders in the field of exports and imports, the features of their export-import activities are highlighted, the degrees of use of ICT in various sectors of the economy of these countries are analyzed, the most important directions of use of ICT for the development of export-import activities are allocated, namely: digital infrastructure: electronic documentation, electronic exchange of information, e-commerce, digital innovations in the manufacturing, digital finance, digital marketing and promotion, digital logistics, cybersecurity. The allocated areas should serve as a guideline for the resumption of Ukraine’s foreign trade during the wartime and in the post-war period. Taking into consideration data of the EU countries, an analysis of the impact of the indicators of the components of the index of digital economy and society on the volume of exports and imports in 2022 is carried out on the basis of regression models. It is substantiated that the effect of the use of ICT will strengthen our country’s position in the competitive field of international trade. For the leading countries of exports and imports, it is determined that the introduction of 5G technology is of significant importance in the context of the development of foreign trade, which at present is an urgent and strategic direction for the development of these countries. Further direction of development of this study is envisaged in the study of models of dynamics and the inclusion of additional factors influencing foreign trade, namely human potential, financial and material support for the introduction of ICT based on the experience of leading European countries. Article is written in English
Msosa Steven Kayambazinthu
Demystifying Customer Perception of Electric Vehicle Adoption in South Africa Using the Technology Acceptance Model (p. 32 - 40)
Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular and mainstream in today's world. One reason for this is the demand for vehicles with zero carbon footprint. Fossil fuels are extremely harmful as they endanger the planet and produce much toxic pollution. Therefore, using the Technology Acceptance Model, this study analysed customers' perceptions of electric vehicle adoption in South Africa. The Technology Acceptance Model has evolved into a critical model for understanding predictors of human behaviour towards potential technology acceptance or rejection. The first determinant is perceived usefulness, followed by perceived ease of use, cost and user attitude toward electric vehicles. Because EVs are new in the South African market, this study adapted this model to understand the customers' attitudes, perceptions, and benefits that EVs bring. The findings of this study show that most prospective customers had significantly agreed that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, and cost influence their intention to buy electric vehicles. This study's findings could benefit automobile industries, fleet purchasers, and private owners considering transitioning to low-emission vehicles. Electric vehicles will play a significant role in the future, and their adoption can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels. By understanding South African customers' perceptions, attitudes, and the barriers they face in adopting electric vehicle technology, this study could provide valuable insights to stakeholders in the automotive industry by enabling them to make informed decisions and develop strategies for promoting electric vehicle adoption. Article is written in English
Matrunchyk D. M.
Financing of TNCs’ Innovations in the Context of Innovative Transformation of the Economy of the Regions of Ukraine (p. 41 - 47)
It has been found that the world flagship of financing innovation activities are TNCs, which, due to the high level of concentration of investment potential, have the opportunity to finance capital-intensive innovation projects related to the modernization of the most high-tech industries and basic information and telecommunication technologies. It is proved that the selection of sources and methods of financing the innovation activity of TNCs depends on the stage of the life cycle of an innovative product, which makes it possible to timely eliminate the deficit of financing by diversifying the sources of financial and investment support for research, development and approbation of prototypes of equipment and technologies. Studies have shown that the financing of innovation activities in American, European and Japanese TNCs is marked by their distinctive features based on the structure of sources of funding for research and development, in particular the participation of the State in this process. It is determined that Ukraine needs an innovative model of transformation of the post-war economy in order to eliminate at an accelerated pace the terrible consequences of the armed invasion of russian aggressors, to modernize energy-intensive segments of the national economy, to ensure the mass introduction of modern innovative technologies in all phases of the reproductive process and to use the existing production and technical potential of regional economic complexes to straighten territorial imbalances of the socioeconomic development. It has been found that the main catalyst for innovative transformation of regional economic complexes in Ukraine is the inclusion of TNC divisions in them, primarily in terms of financing the processes of production and introduction of innovative technologies. It is substantiated that in the context of the expediency of implementing the best practices of financing research and development into the domestic practice of innovative transformation of the regional economy, it is worth adopting the South Korean experience, which allowed this country to turn from an industrially backward agrarian country into an advanced country in Southeast Asia in a few decades. Article is written in Ukrainian
Rayevnyeva O. V., Su Rui
A Study of the Influence of Sensitivity of Kinds of Economic Activities on the Economic Behavior of Chinese Enterprises (p. 48 - 57)
In the unstable conditions of development of the world economy, which occur under the influence of factors of political and economic instability, one of the most important problems of stable functioning and development of the country’s economy is to ensure the stable development of both the kinds of economic activities and enterprises. Since all kinds of economic activity react differently to the instability of the external environment, it is important to analyze the conditions of functioning and the results of the activities of enterprises by the kinds in order to form adequate and adaptive managerial reactions to the tactical and strategic behavior of the latter. The aim of the article is to study and determine the sensitivity of kinds of economic activities to changes in the external environment in order to form adaptive economic behavior of enterprises. In order to achieve this goal, in the course of the research the following scientific methods were used: comparative analysis, graphic analysis, structural-dynamic analysis, coefficient and cluster analysis. The article proposes an algorithmic model of formation of economic behavior of enterprise depending on the level of sensitivity of the certain kind of economic activity. Implementation of the proposed model will allow to form an effective system of managerial decisions on the future behavior of enterprises. The basis for the development of managerial decisions is the analysis of tendencies in the development of kinds of economic activity of the country by the indicator of gross value added, the allocation of cluster groups of kinds of economic activity by the level of their sensitivity. All this will allow to form an effective system of managerial decision-making, which is aimed at maintaining a sustainable attractor of economic development of the enterprise. Article is written in Ukrainian
Tymechko I. R., Radelytskyy Y. O.
The Principles of Conceptualization of the Public Investment in the Context of Economic Cooperation and Development (p. 58 - 63)
The aim of the article is to substantiate the principles of conceptualization of public investment on the basis of foreign experience. The principles of conceptualization of public investment are defined. The tools of management at all levels within the framework of the principles of public investment are substantiated: investing, using an integrated strategy adapted to different places; implementing efficient tools for coordination between levels of management; coordinating the investment between all levels of government in order to invest at the appropriate scale; assessing the long-term consequences and risks of public investments in advance; engaging with stakeholders throughout the investment cycle; mobilizing private actors and financial institutions to diversify funding sources and build capacity; improving the skills of civil servants and representatives of institutions involved in the field of public investment; focusing on outcomes and promoting experiential learning; developing the fiscal policies adapted to investment objectives; requiring the sound and transparent financial management at all levels of government; promoting transparency and strategic use of public procurement at all levels of government; striving for the quality and consistency of regulatory systems between levels of management. For the implementation of effective governance, the Government of Ukraine is working on the following tasks: to form an effective public administration system capable of implementing a holistic and consistent policy aimed at adequately responding to internal and external challenges and sustainable social development; to create a modern system of local self-government that contributes to the dynamic development of regions and transfers the maximum possible amount of powers to the level closest to citizens – communities; to change the approach to public finance management for transparent and efficient use of budget funds; to introduce elements of e-government to improve the efficiency and quality of public services and minimize the petty corruption occurrences. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №1-2024
Melnyk M. I., Leshchukh I. V.
Priorities and Instruments of Youth Policy in the Context of Social Protection, Youth Development and Preservation of Human Potential: Experience of Western European Countries (p. 4 - 13)
The article examines the priorities and instruments of youth policy in the countries of Western Europe (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland) in the context of social protection, youth development and preservation of human potential. In particular, the main characteristic features of the youth policy of Germany (as one of the most progressive and effective not only among Western European countries, but also in the world) are identified: moderate intervention in the life of young people on the side of the State, social partnership between the State and society on the principles of subsidiarity; a combination of social democratic and liberal orientations; high level of democracy; clear structuring by levels: federal, federal state, and local; availability of a strong legislative framework related to the regulation of various issues of young people’s lives. Taking into account the experience of Germany in the distribution of budget financing of youth policy (in particular, its targeting, taking into account local and regional socioeconomic realities and needs), attention is focused on the expediency of applying in Ukraine such an approach to the implementation of the State-based youth policy, taking into account the different conditions and quality of life of domestic youth in different regions of the country (first of all, depending on the distance from the frontline of the war). The priorities and instruments of social protection of youth in Austria are studied (support for the rights of young people to personal development, ensuring the participation of young people in the educational process; providing material and non-material assistance to the unemployed; social support for children under care outside the family; protection of young people from all forms of violence and discrimination; reimbursement of expenses for outpatient and/or inpatient treatment; financing of expenses related to the implementation of residential care for children by foster parents or social pedagogues, etc.). Taking into account the aggravation of the problem of unemployment of the young population in France, the priorities and instruments of the policy of promoting the integration of young people of this country in the labor market, the development of communication skills, etc., are analyzed. The features of the State policy of promoting the development of a culture of youth entrepreneurship, innovation activity, etc., in the countries of Western Europe (in particular, in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands) are studied. The results of the study of the priorities and instruments of youth policy of Western European countries in the context of social protection, youth development and preservation of human potential made it possible to trace the gradual transition from the provision of the State aid to some of the most vulnerable groups of the young population to the financing of social programs that promote youth cohesion, development and preservation of human potential. Taking into account the best experience in the formation and implementation of youth policy in Western European countries, the priority directions for improving youth policy in Ukraine are named. Article is written in Ukrainian
Peshko M. I., Melnyk O. G.
Adaptation of Project Management During the IT Crisis of 2022–2023 (p. 14 - 19)
The article is devoted to the problems and prospects of adapting project management to the IT crisis of 2022–2023, which was provoked by both global economic problems and the war in Ukraine. The current situation and the trend of adaptation of project management to the IT crisis of 2022–2023 both in Ukraine and in the world in general are analyzed. The problems faced by project management during the global IT crisis are listed. Furthermore, the article lists problems that the IT business will face and what impact it will have on project management in companies. The prospects for development and further measures for successful adaptation to the crisis conditions in the world economy during 2022–2023 are determined. In today’s dynamic and interconnected business environment, project managers face the critical challenge of ensuring successful project management during times of crisis. Strategies and ideas that project managers can apply to successfully overcome crises and strengthen the position of projects are considered. It has been determined that the key to successful IT project management depends on aspects such as agile methodology, risk management, maintaining effective communication, boosting team spirit, etc. By applying agile methodologies, using priority risk management, maintaining clear communication within the company, maintaining team spirit, adapting project plans, and leveraging modern technology, project managers can successfully overcome uncertainty and lead their teams to success. By taking these challenges, learning from them, and becoming stronger on the one hand, project managers can establish themselves as effective crisis leaders in their organizations, and on the other hand, successfully support projects in the company, which will help it survive during the crisis period. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №2-2024
Alizade A. R.
Johansen’s Cointegration Analysis of Some Factors of Economic Growth and Exports of Products from the Republic of Azerbaijan to Ukraine (p. 5 - 20)
In the present paper, a Johansen’s cointegration analysis is carried out considering the volume of exports from Azerbaijan to Ukraine, GDP per capita of Ukraine, the openness of the economy of Ukraine and the economically active population of Azerbaijan for the period 1996-2022, also a comparative analysis of the above indicators is carried out, the characteristics of joint short-term and long-term movements are determined. In the course of research the author used the methodology of modified gravitational modeling, the econometric methodology of time series analysis, including tests for checking stationarity, the extended Dickey-Fuller test, the Granger test for the detection of causality, determining the cointegration dependence using the Johansen’s test, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) has been built. First, a basic modified model of gravity has been built, and the statistical adequacy of this model has been checked. A comparative analysis of two regression models was carried out after the inclusion of the trend component in one of them. The dynamic structure of regression residuals was studied and the test for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation was carried out. It is shown that the most suitable specification for cointegration is the quadratic trend in the initial levels with a linear trend in cointegration relationships, which has led to the emergence of two cointegration vectors. As a result of the completed analysis, two cointegration relationships are obtained. The results of the impulse response functions, decomposition of dispersions and the VECM model in the form of combinations of two cointegrating vectors with the expected signs of the adjustment integers showed that the economic indicators used in the analysis for the specified period maintain cointegration in the long term with the not stable equilibrium joint movements of the factors under study. Article is written in English
Hubarieva I. O., Khaustov M. M.
Risks to Energy Security. Visualization of Scientific Research (p. 21 - 30)
The aim of the article is to identify trends and key areas of research on energy security risks by conducting a structural-trend and bibliometric analysis of scientific publications. Analytical tools of scientometric databases Scopus, Web of Science, Google Trends and VOSviewer version 1.6.20 were used to conduct the study. The conducted trend analysis, using the Google Trends tools, showed a certain divergence of trends in scientific and user interest in energy security issues. In order to identify trends in the study of energy security risks using the analysis tools provided by the Scopus and Web of Science databases, the dynamics of the number of indexed publications on the subject under study, country affiliation, sectoral structure of publications were analyzed, the contribution of individual researchers in the field of energy security risks by the number of citations was allocated. The most cited articles on energy security risks, indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, are devoted to: solving the problems of climate change, environmental pollution and energy instability; energy infrastructure; linking energy research with the social sciences; geography of energy transition; production of ethanol from biomass; development of hydrogen energy; identifying the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, nuclear energy consumption, renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The results of the study made it possible to identify the main scientific clusters in the field of energy security risks. Visualization of the network map of keywords made it possible to identify 8 clusters that characterize the key areas of research in the field of energy security risks: security, risk, energy, human health, climate change, renewable energy, environment. The results of the analysis contribute to the identification of new areas of research in the field of energy security risks. Article is written in Ukrainian
Hrytsyshen D. O., Abramova I. V.
International Imperatives of Financial Support for the Sustainable Development of Rural Communities (p. 31 - 38)
The aim of the article is the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the international imperatives of sustainable development of rural communities. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach to the cognition of economic phenomena and processes. To solve certain problems, the following methods were used: system analysis – for contentualization of the evolution of international imperatives of sustainable development; comparative analysis – for the study and adaptation of foreign experience; induction and deduction – to formulate conclusions and recommendations on the issues under study. The synthesis of the works of foreign and domestic scholars made it possible to determine that the definition of «international imperative» is a multifaceted concept that combines political, economic, social and institutional aspects of society, aimed at achieving high European standards and ensuring sustainable development, at the same time it should promote the national idea and identity. It is determined that the international imperatives of sustainable development of rural territorial communities are formed on the basis of global initiatives and agreements aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), taking into account the economic, social and environmental needs of society. A contentualization of the key imperatives of the formation of global views on the Sustainable Development Goals is performed. Emphasis is placed on the EU’s priorities for the implementation of the SDGs, the following such priorities are recognized as key ones: climate change and carbon neutrality, biodiversity conservation initiatives, measures to combat social inequality, to ensure gender equality, improving working conditions, involving all segments of the population in decision-making processes. The importance of intensifying international cooperation to solve global problems, strengthen the institutional foundations and financial mechanisms for responding to pandemics, natural disasters and other global crises is emphasized. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zaborskyi L. O., Shaposhnikov D. S.
The Current State of the Sea Container Transportation Market (p. 39 - 46)
The aim of this article is to study the dynamics of development of both the global and national market of container transportation. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of transportation is the rational organization of the work of ships, taking into account the needs and requirements of the market, both of service consumers and of the carriers themselves. The increase in demand for container transportation of goods and the rapid growth of the container capacity of container ships led to a change in approaches to the organization of their work. Thus, the number of ports of call on main lines has begun to decrease. In addition, the movement patterns on them have become almost asymmetrical. Individual lines began to serve at their own container terminals in ports of call, or at terminals that have an agreement to serve only their vessels. Vessels with smaller container capacities were pushed onto feeder lines calling at hub ports located at the intersection of main services and regional ports. In addition, there are changes in the structure of cargo flows, the organization of lines, ports of call and cooperation between transportation participants, the division of the global transportation market into segments served by certain operators, changes in the role of hub ports in delivery schemes depending on the corresponding ports of call on the lines and container capacity vessels serving them. These changes occur under the influence of not only the construction of mega-sized ships, pandemics, piracy, military operations and affect not only the economy of a certain country, but also the global economy as a whole, political, social, geographical and transport, ecological and other spheres of human activity. Research of various factors on the changes taking place in the container transportation market will allow predicting and, possibly, leveling the consequences of their influence in the future. Prospects for further research in this direction are the identification of the main reference points at which significant changes in container transportation took place, the identification of factors that had an impact and the modeling of both individual situations and their interaction as a whole. Article is written in Ukrainian
Poplavskyi P. H.
Evolution and Modern Definitions of the Term «Grant» (p. 47 - 52)
The aim of the study is to theoretically substantiate the stages of evolution of the definition of «grant» and formulate recommendations for its clarification. Certain tasks were solved using the following methods: system analysis – for a stage-by-stage retrospective review of the term «grant»; comparative analysis – to compare differences in the definitions of this concept by the academic community, government and professional organizations; induction and deduction – to formulate conclusions and recommendations on the issues under study. The article is devoted to the analysis of the development and transformation of the concept of «grant» with an emphasis on its evolution and current use. Since ancient times, when grants were informal and provided by wealthy people to support various initiatives, changes in the structure and mechanisms of grant support can be traced. The emergence and development of the modern form of grants, the creation of the first modern grant institutions are disclosed. Particular attention is paid to the expansion of State participation in grant programs in the twentieth century, in particular after the World War II, when governments began to recognize grants as an important tool for supporting economic development, public welfare, and scientific innovation. Examples include the creation of the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The importance of grants to support interdisciplinary cooperation and address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises and sustainable development is emphasized. The importance of intensifying Ukraine’s participation in international grant programs, which contributes to the integration of Ukrainian scientists into the world scientific community and raising research standards, is emphasized. A retrospective review of the evolution of the term «grant» and its modern definitions is provided, reflecting changes in societal priorities, public policy, and the increasing complexity of funding mechanisms. Article is written in Ukrainian
Prokhorova V. V., Us Y. V., Yukhman Y. V.
Features of Tariff Management in the Context of the Green Economy (p. 53 - 60)
The article determines that modern energy is mostly based on non-renewable primary energy sources. Therefore, the formation of renewable energy plays an important role today. It is noted that Europe and the world have identified a green economy and climate-neutral energy as a benchmark for their development. Attention is focused on the consideration that under such conditions of development, the issue of tariff setting in the context of the green economy plays a key role in the transformation of the energy system and support of the green economy, since effective tariff setting helps to attract investment in green technologies, ensures the economic attractiveness of renewable energy projects and stimulates energy efficiency. Based on the carried out analysis of scientific publications, it is concluded that tariff setting in the context of the green economy is considered through the prism of economic incentives, environmental benefits, political support and social perception, highlighting its relevance in the context of global efforts to transition to sustainable energy. It is determined that today the problems of instability of tariff policy, in some cases economic inefficiency of tariffs, social inequality, complexity of regulation and administration and a number of others remain unresolved. Addressing these challenges is critical to ensuring an effective and sustainable tariff policy that promotes the development of a green economy and renewable energy sources. It is determined that due to the imperfect, but effective at the moment model of the green tariff, the number and capacity of renewable generation in Ukraine has been steadily growing over the past 10 years. A number of problems that exist today in tariff setting in the context of the green economy from the point of view of its management in Ukraine have been identified and specific features of tariff setting in the context of the green economy have been formulated. Each of the identified specific features of tariff formation of the green economy is characterized and the authors’ own mathematical model of formation of the general tariff of the green economy is proposed. It is concluded that the features of tariff setting in the context of the green economy require an integrated approach to management, and promising in this direction are studies on clarifying each component of the base tariff, determining the basis for calculating each component, further adjustment of the tariff taking into account regional features and other aspects of pricing in the field of renewable energy sources. Article is written in Ukrainian
Khaustova V. Y., Kriachko Y. M., Bondarenko D. V.
Modeling the Impact of Digitalization Factors on the Economic Development of Countries Around the World (p. 61 - 73)
The article determines that digitalization as a trend in the development of the global economy manifests itself to different degrees, although the place of each country in the world community depends on the degree of impact of digitalization on the national economic and social environment. Studies of the impact of digitalization on the development of countries’ economies are extremely relevant, as digital technologies are becoming a central element of modern economic development, affecting the productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of countries at the global level. The aim of the article is to build a model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the countries of the world using the cognitive approach. For this purpose, an appropriate methodical approach has been proposed and its approbation has been carried out. The world ranking indices for assessing the level of digitalization were used as indicators of digitalization, and the indicators of the development of the economies of the world countries were used the indicators characterizing GDP, gross value added, employment, production and trade in goods and services of ICT and computer communications. The World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used as a statistical information base. On the basis of the developed methodical approach, a cognitive model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the world countries has been built, the ties between the factors have been analyzed and conclusions have been drawn about the interdependencies between them. It is determined that an effective strategy for managing digitalization processes to increase the development of the country’s economy should include the development of innovative potential through the support of research and innovative start-ups, the expansion of digital infrastructure, especially in the field of telecommunications and mobile connectivity, increasing readiness for the introduction of new technologies through educational programs and training of qualified personnel, and the development of e-governance to ensure broad access to digital public services. Such measures will contribute to increasing productivity and growth of added value in production and services, which will lead to GDP growth, ensuring sustainable economic growth and quality of life of the country’s population. Article is written in Ukrainian
THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY №3-2024
Danko A. T.
The State and Manifestations of the Dynamism of the Nascent Global Industry of UAV (p. 5 - 14)
Nascent industries are attracting the attention of researchers due to their innovative potential and ability to shape new markets and transform business models. However, these industries are characterized by high uncertainty and a rapid pace of technological change, which poses significant challenges for businesses. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry is a prime example of such a dynamic industry that is growing rapidly, but faces the challenges of chaotic market formation and regulatory uncertainty. The aim of this study is to analyze the manifestations of the dynamism of the UAV industry, in particular, to identify the key factors influencing rapid changes in this industry and their impact on companies’ strategies. The carried out analysis of different approaches to the classification of UAVs revealed a large number of different features, such as type, weight, size, flight distance, etc., which indicates the lack of uniform standards and complicates the process of developing and promoting UAVs on the market. A wide range of UAV applications are analyzed, including logistics, agriculture, public safety, sensing, recreation, and military operations. The multifunctionality of UAVs highlights the uncertainty about major market segments, which creates additional challenges for enterprises in selecting target markets and developing specialized products. The current state of UAV regulation in the world is also considered, which is characterized by terminological confusion (between UAV, UAS, RPA, drone) and the presence of numerous international and national standards, which complicates global market harmonization. The results of the study indicate that the lack of uniform standards and classifications, as well as the variety of characteristics and areas of application, indicate a high uncertainty of the product and the industry as a whole. These factors pose significant challenges for companies to define market strategies, position products, and ensure regulatory compliance, which directly impacts their competitiveness and growth opportunities. Thus, the UAV industry demonstrates manifestations of dynamism and uncertainty typical of nascent industries. This highlights the importance of further analysis and study of the industry to develop effective strategies that take into account the specifics of the market and contribute to the successful consolidation of companies in this dynamic area. Article is written in Ukrainian
Zhyvko M. A.
Fragmentation of Globalized Economy and Macroeconomic Cost of the War in Ukraine (p. 15 - 30)
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the fragmentation of the globalized economy and the macroeconomic costs stemming from the war in Ukraine. The conflict has had far-reaching consequences, disrupting global supply chains, trade flows, and economic stability. The research delves into the specific impacts on various sectors, including energy, agriculture, and technology, showcasing the intricate interdependencies of the modern global economy and how regional conflicts can reverberate worldwide. Using a blend of quantitative data and qualitative insights, the article details the significant disruptions in energy markets, which have led to soaring oil and gas prices and exacerbated inflationary pressures globally. It also examines the critical blockade of Ukrainian agricultural exports, which has heightened food security concerns, especially in developing countries. Moreover, the article explores the broader implications for international trade and investment. It discusses how the fragmentation of global supply chains has forced businesses to reevaluate their reliance on single-source suppliers, resulting in a reconfiguration of production networks. The war has also highlighted vulnerabilities in global financial systems, with increased market volatility and heightened risk aversion among investors. In addressing these challenges, the article emphasizes the importance of coordinated policy responses and international cooperation. It underscores the need for diplomatic efforts to restore stability and mitigate the adverse economic effects of the conflict. The findings advocate for enhanced economic resilience through collaborative international strategies, recognizing the necessity of a united approach in addressing the complexities of geopolitical conflicts in an interconnected world. Article is written in English
Kalyuzhna N. H., Lezhepokova V. H.
Preferential Trade as a Result of Evolution and Institutionalization of International Trade Agreements (p. 31 - 38)
The article is devoted to the systematization of the prerequisites for the emergence and formation of preferential trade in the context of the historical evolution and institutionalization of international trade agreements. The conclusion of preferential agreements is a common instrument for the development of international trade and economic relations, which retains its relevance in the context of modern fragmentation of the world economy and the spread of foreign trade neoprotectionism. The results of the carried out analysis of scientific publications showed that the focus of researches is mainly on the factors of rapid development of international (in particular, preferential) trade in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. At the same time, understanding the current trends, prospects and challenges of preferential trade requires a study of its essence as a historically conditioned result of the evolution and institutionalization of international trade. Disclosure of the chronology of the formation of preferential trade is proposed to be carried out in the context of the evolution of international trade and the stages of its institutionalization. Based on the results of systematization of the basic characteristics of the stages of evolution of international trade, the features of its historical formation are determined, examples of relevant international trade agreements are provided and the prerequisites for the transition of international trade and economic relations to each subsequent stage of development are defined. The results of the systematization of the evolutionary stages of international trade confirm that preferential arrangements are an integral feature of its development, since each period can be corresponded with certain characteristics of preferential agreements, namely: subject, zone, depth of coverage of preferences, conditions of access to markets, standardization of trade rules, measures of protection and conditions of competition, provisions on investments. On the basis of the analysis of certain characteristics, it is substantiated that the institutionalization of international trade is an evolutionary process of institutionalization of preferential trade, where each subsequent stage reflects the development of new types, forms and rules for concluding international trade agreements. An important evolutionary result of the transformation of international trade agreements should be considered a gradual decrease in the asymmetry of preferences in both bilateral and global trade agreements, which testifies in favor of equalizing the conditions of international competition and gravitating towards equal involvement of countries in the processes of world trade. Article is written in Ukrainian
Kyzym M. O., Shpilevskyi V. V., Khaustov M. M.
Analysis of the Experience of the State regulation of the Synthetic Fuel Sector in the Countries of the World (p. 39 - 47)
The article examines the peculiarities of the State stimulation of the development of sectors for the production of synthetic liquid fuel from coal in the group of producing countries using CTL (Coal to Liquids) technologies. The article covers the historical period of formation and development of industrial production of synthetic liquid fuel from the 1930s to the present. It is determined that the industrial production of synthetic fuel in the world, in different historical periods, was localized in different countries and had different trends of formation and development that were determined by national regulatory policy. The main producers of synthetic liquid fuel in the studied period were the following countries: Germany from 1938 to 1945, the Republic of South Africa from 1945, China from 1947. It is revealed that the trigger for the development of synthetic fuel production in Germany and South Africa was the geopolitical situation, and in China the objective deficit of its own oil production. The driver of the development of synthetic liquid fuel in all countries was the State initiative implemented in the regulatory policy. Despite the fact that the goals of the regulatory policy in all the mentioned countries were similar, the approaches and means of implementation had a purely national specificity. The study of the essence and results of the implementation of the regulatory policy confirms its efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the experience of South Africa, where the production of synthetic liquid fuel went through the entire life cycle - from development to technological reconstruction. The experience of the People's Republic of China where the development of synthetic liquid production is integrated with the general economic development of the country is also interesting. The generalization and analysis of the world experience of the State regulation of the development of the septic liquid fuel sector made it possible to form the main directions of recommendations regarding the State stimulation of the development of the relevant industry sector in Ukraine. Article is written in Ukrainian
Malуarets L. M., Norik L. O., Denysiuk O. V., Skliar T. P.
A Comparative Analysis of Exports of Services in the EU Countries and Ukraine (p. 48 - 57)
The growing role of services in the economy of modern countries requires a detailed analysis of their exports as one of the key factors in the development of national economies. Especially relevant is the study of exports of services in the context of globalization and increased competition in international markets. The EU is one of Ukraine’s key trading partners, so a comparative analysis of services exports helps to determine how effectively Ukraine adapts to European standards and which sectors of the economy have the greatest potential for growth. The aim of the article is to compare the level of development of exports of services of the EU countries and Ukraine and identify the key factors contributing to its growth. The article analyzes the export of key services of both the EU countries and Ukraine using a taxonomic approach. Taxonomic indicators for the classification of countries by the level of development of exports of services have been calculated, which allowed to allocate three main groups of countries. The place of Ukraine among the EU countries is determined and the key factors influencing its position in this sphere are identified. On the basis of the results obtained, recommendations for strengthening Ukraine’s position in the international market of exports of services are formulated. Further direction of development of the study is envisaged in an in-depth analysis of specific service sectors that have the greatest potential for export in Ukraine, such as IT, financial services and outsourcing, as well as a comparative analysis of the policies of countries with an average level of exports of services and the determination of which practices can be adapted for Ukraine for further integration of Ukraine into European and global services markets. Article is written in English
Khaustova V. Y., Hubarieva I. O., Salashenko T. I., Kostenko D. M.
Identification of Risks, Sustainability and Problems of Fuel Security of Ukraine and the Countries of the European Area (Matrix Approach) (p. 58 - 67)
Today, Ukraine has a critically low level of fuel security, which is associated with a drop in oil production, a decline in oil refining and limited opportunities to import oil and motor fuel. The aim of the study is to develop a methodical approach to assessing the fuel security of Ukraine and the countries of the European space, which involves the calculation of local indicators of fuel security by components and levels. It is proposed to assess the fuel security of Ukraine and European countries according to four security components: accessibility, availability, acceptability, affordability. A methodical approach to identifying problems in ensuring fuel security is proposed, which, unlike the existing ones, is based on a system of matrices for positioning Ukraine and the countries of the European space in the plane of coordinates: «Accessibility of crude hydrocarbons for indigenous production, in particular year – Accessibility of crude hydrocarbons for oil refining»; «Availability of crude hydrocarbons for oil refining – Availability of motor fuel for final consumption»; «Acceptability of crude oil as a feedstock for refining – Acceptability of motor fuel in oil refining feedstock»; «Affordability of crude hydrocarbons imports – Affordability of motor fuel imports». The analysis of the components and levels of fuel security of Ukraine and the countries of the European space made it possible to determine that the highest level of fuel security in 2021 had the following countries: Norway, Great Britain, Lithuania, Spain; the lowest level of fuel security had Montenegro, Slovenia, Latvia, Estonia. In 2021, Ukraine ranked 24th among 29 European countries in terms of fuel security that was 35%. The decrease in the level of fuel security of Ukraine was influenced by: the destruction of production facilities as result of russian military aggression, a reduction in production, and limited opportunities to import crude hydrocarbons. The key problems in ensuring Ukraine’s fuel security include: low level of accessibility of crude hydrocarbons for indigenous production and crude hydrocarbons for oil refining; low availability of crude hydrocarbons for oil refining and low availability of motor fuel for final consumption. To ensure fuel security, Ukraine needs to increase the production of crude hydrocarbons, increase the volume of oil refining for final consumption, and develop the production of synthetic motor fuel from coal. Article is written in English
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